PSYC 307 Module 1 Exam Chapters 1-3 · Success bias: cues of success, don't directly observe the success, ie. Yams being a symbol not the actual success · Skill bias: directly observe success, eg. If you want to drink 5 beers seeing someone who is drinking 5 years · Prestige bias: models, based on eyegaze, who gets watched? In the lab example, kids copied the prestigious model the one who received the most eye gaze, watch · Pride learning bias: o in study, people tended to copy the proud indv. More than others o Proud targets generally copied 70-80% of the time Transfers to other domains " Eg. Is someone knows knowledge in an academic discipline, they are also copied in other disciplines (eg. Sports) o occurs when motivated for accurate knowledge " suggests that his is social/cultural learning, not just conformity to fit in with others o universal bias? " Profs failed study in fiji, but has replicated in canada, us , England, and Greece · Why copy a proud invidivual? o Pride automatically occurs after suces (e.g. after winning a competition) " People who succeed tend to have valuable skills or knowledge " Copying them is likely adaptive o Nonverbal pride I automatically associated with " Prestige · Knowledge and skills · Social / cultural learning o We selectively copy others · Bias o But we = imitative machines " We copy unnecessary behaviours as well as necessary ones " Called high fidelity copying (and imitation) " May be why we copy celebrities on thing outside their expertise Imitation versus emulation · Imitative learning . Reproduce what the actor did exactly . Focus on actions • Emulative learning · Learning what the object can do · Focus on results · Emulative learning often appears to be the smarter of the two since copying unnecessary behaviours does not occur (it is what the chimps were doing), but
this is misleading as imitation is what has allowed humans to have advanced culture (e.g., tools) Imitating suicides . "The Werther effect" · 177fi Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's novel . The Sorrows of Young Werther · Werther wore blue jackets and yellow pants · European men starting dressing in blue jackets and yellow pants . Werther committed suicide with a pistol when the woman he loved rejected him · European men starting committing suicide the same way . Eventually led to the book being banned . Sociologist ttavid Phillips coined "Werther effect" . The more publicity the suicide gets, the more suicides · Marilyn Monroe's "probable suicide" on August 6th • 200 more suicides in August than normal . Not all studies find support, but several do · Evidence for imitative suicides in Germany, London, USA · Yukiko Okada, suicide in 1986 · Rise in suicides in Japan · Fans copied her suicide, called "Yukiko Syndrome" Cumulative cultural evolution · Learn from others (social/cultural learning) · Individual then modifies and improves it · Modified practice is then learned (social/cultural learning) . In