-Explain different ways in which culture can be defined Kroeber& Kluckhohn 1952 -Academic definition of culture Descriptive- all social activities in the broadest sense, such as language, marriage, property system, etiquette(Ă€L+5), industries, art, etc. Historical- culture means total social heredity of mankind; particular strain of social heredity Normative- culture is all standardized social procedure and customs, passed on socially, that form a people's way of life Structural-culture is a system or organization of interdependent values common to specific social groups, forming a pattern that is unique to each society Psychological-culture consists of all results of human learned effort at adjustment Defining culture: Information acquired from other members of one's species through social learning that can affect one's behaviors -group of individual share same context -Understand three challenges associated with thinking about groups of people as constituting cultures -fuzzy boundaries -constant changes -within-versus between-culture variation -Compare cultural psychology to other schools of psychology General Psychology v.s. Cultural Psychology -general psychology: the mind operates under a set of natural and universal laws that are independent from content or context low-level processes: need experimental control high-level processes: volkerpsychologie -behaviorism: human behaviors are simply what can be objectively measured as stimulus-response patterns -Discuss evidence supporting cultural psychology's assertion that the mind and culture make each other up -1950 cognitive revolution -mind and environment mutually constitute each other -Define the four degrees of psychological universality
Non-universal-cognitive tool not found in all culture Existential universal-cognitive tool serve as different function in different culture Functional universal-cognitive tool as same function in all culture but present in different degree Accessibility universal cognitive tool equally accessible in and serve same purpose(social facilitation) HOW can we determine if sth is universal or culturally variable? -difficult to assess two variables -lack of data ·Understand the importance of the WEIRD people problem W(western)E(educated)I(industrialized)R(rich)D(democratic) -68% Americans and 96% Western industrialized countries,70% undergraduates, - American undergraduates were 4000 times more likely to be research participants Muller-lyre illusion -Explain how the environment and our minds are interconnected Carpentered world hypothesis: everywhere is a corner Figure line task: which line are longer? -left interior parietal lobule -right interior percentral gyrus Both associated with increased in attentional control Culturally less familiar tasks require more attentional control Takes more effort to engage in tasks that are culturally unfamiliar Culture and the brain are intricately intertwined . Differentiate between the nature, and consequences, of colour-blind and multicultural approach Color-blind approach: emphasize similarities, ignore culture differences Multicultural approach: appreciate and recognize differences Consequences: ? Majority: -endorse color-blind -color blind leads to dislike of minorities with strong ethnic identity -high in prejudice, multiculturalism leads to worse interaction ? Minority: -prefer multiculturalism
-under color-blindness, more mentally hide their identity -under multiculturalism, greater ethnic identification, less perception of threat -Compare cultural psychology to other schools of psychology -Cross cultural psychology S: both deal with role of cultural processes on various aspects of human psychology D: ccp compares across different culture, and looks for differences and universals -sociology S: deal with relationship between ones