Lecture 15&16 Self and Personality 2021?11?15? 0:30 Self and Personality By the end of this lecture, you will be able to ... Define and explain cultural values -Explain the various components of Kluckhohn& Strodtbeck's and Hofstede's value dimensions "Compare and contrast between the above two value dimensions Differentiate between different self-construals, particularly the consequences of having different self-construals -Cultural values "Guiding principles for how people in certain cultural environments interact with their physical and social environment "Studied using value dimensions: Kluckhohn& Strodtbeck's and Hofstede's value dimensions Kluckhohn& Strodtbeck's value dimensions Value Dimension Alternative Orientations "Time" orientation Past, present, or future (where do we see ourselves in the timeline of this universe) "Nature" orientation Subjugation to, harmony with, or mastery over nature(no control, extension, control over) "Human nature" orientation Good, evil, or "mixed" "Relational" orientation Collateral, lineal, or individualistic (equal, hiersrchcy, individual) Hofstede's (1980) dimensions ·5 value dimensions 1. Power distance 2. Uncertaunty avoidance 3. Masculinity 4. Individualism 5. Indulgence Power distance - Whether people in a group, particularly those who are at the bottom of society, accept and expect unequal distributions of power in society - Low: Low rates of corruption in government, Equal distribution of wealth and income, Children given more autonomy (Western European, English speaking) - High: Rampant corruption, political scandals common, Uneven distribution of wealth and income, Children taught to respect authority (Eastern European,Asian) Uncertaunty avoidance - Whether people in a group are comfortable with ambiguity and unstructured interactions - Low: Tolerate different opinions and viewpoints, Dislike rules and normsTeachers may say "I don't know"(English speaking, Nordic)
- High: Different opinions seen as dangerous; a threatEmotional need for rules for clarity and structureTeachers supposed to have all the answers (East Asian, South American) Masculinity - Whether men and women in a group have differentiated gender roles (i.e. men should be more assertive and ambitious, women should be more modest and caring) - Low(Feminine): Minimum gender role differentiation, Many women elected into politics, Sexuality is not a moral issue(Nordic) - High(Masculine): Maximum gender role differentiation, Few women elected into political, Sexuality is highly moralised(Eastern EuropeanAsian) Individualism - Whether people are integrated into cohesive groups rather than a loose collection of individuals - Low(Collectivism): Strong emphasis on maintaining harmony, Breaking rules leads to feelings of shame, Born into complex network of extended relationships( Central American, East Asian) - High(Individualism): Strong emphasis for speaking one's mind, Breaking rules leads to feelings of guilt, Primary relationships involve immediate family(Many Western countries) Indulgence - Whether people in a group value or control gratification of one's desires, and value happiness - Low(restrained): Little concern for freedom of speech, Personal life seen through helplessnessLess, likely to remember positive emotions(Ex-Soviet) - High(indulgent): Great importance placed on freedom of speech, People see personal life as controllable, More likely to remember positive emotions(NordicEnglish speaking) Similarity of two dimension: Individualism - Individualism-Collectivism = most studied value dimensions in cultural psychology - Research suggests two prototypical self-concepts (or self-schemas) - Self-Schema =Cognitive schema (knowledge structure) that contains beliefs about