CHAPTER 2: CULTURE & HUMAN BEHAVIOUR CULTURAL LEARNING : biases in imitation Humans are unique among species in the sense that we are particular about who we imitate , whereas Other primates, Macaques for instance may imitate any model they regularly encounter . There are 3 main biases we are all susceptible to. 1PRESTIGE BIAS : ' Humans are more likely to imitate dividuals who are skilled and expected by others as it offers success to some extent. 2 SIMILARITY BIAS: If a model shares much in common with you it's more likely that the model has information that is important for you to learn . This is because those models' are more likely to occupy roles that we may occupy one day. GENDER KEY SIMILARITIES - LANGUAGE 1 > ACCENT ETHNICITY 3 CONFORMIST TRANSMISSION : This is a tendency to learn from people who've engaging in behaviours that're more common compared with others. IMITATIVE LEARNING learner internalizes something of the model's goals and behavioural strategies CHUMAIS DOTHISMORE) The following 3 cognitive adaptations likely enowed together. CULTURAL LEARNING : cognitive foundations Cultural learning skills of humans also rests on three key cognitive capacities: PAGE 43 - 44 EMULATIVE LEARNING the learner focuses on the ( ANIMALS 1 MENTALIZING & PERSPECTIVE TAKING DO THE e · When people learn from others, they've able to take on perspectives of others by considering their intentions, goals, preferences and strategies. This interest in other's mental states of others is termed mentalizing . MIRE environmental events involved! Ceq : How the use of an OBJECT could potentialy cause changes in the state of the environment ) · The early emergence of mentalizing and it's relatively uniform development across cultures, suggests that it is a necessary human capacity. · Non-human primate species are capable of mentalizing but their abilities fall for shows of human capacities. (Although chimps raised with humans show more evidence for mentalizing than those raised in the mild- suggesting our relatively superior mentalizing skills come from living in a rich social environment . - MENTALIZING]>[APPRECIATION]>[INTERNALIZATION] leads to ... Humans partake in imitative leaning . We also are more likely to imitate irrelevant behaviour whereas other primates One more efficient and only copy useful behavior. 2 LANGUAGE of intention of goal. which behind action . ultimately leads to Which then leads to ... IMITATIVE 7 LEARNING : [ REPRODUCING] action to achieve said good. an effective type of cultural learning. Q . mentalization - only possible because we have language ? . language seems to require self - awareness and consciousness of one's self - does that mean if primates are able to mentalize' , that they too , have a sense of self ? · A related adaptation that humans have is language. Being able to communicate with others is enormously important for conveying cultural information. · Language allows ideas to be communicated without having to be visually demonstrated. · Language enables people to convey their beliefs, intentions and complex thoughts. facilitating the