Chapter 4: Research Methods How to learn a culture: 1. existing texts 2. ethnographies ???:?????????,?????????????????? ?????????????????????? 3. find a collaborator from the culture (cross-cultural project): ????????? ???,?????,???????????????????? Methodological equivalence: - ??????????????,?????????????????? - ??????????????????????????? Generalizability - ???????????? Power - ?????????????????????,????????? Back-translation - ????????????????????,?????????????????? ???????????????????????,?????? - ???????? Socially desirable responding (response bias): - ?????????,????????????? Moderacy and extremity biases: ???????? - ??? 1-7 ????????????,???????,???????????? - ??1:?“?/?”??,??????? - ?? 2: standardization Acquiescence bias ??????? - ??:??????????? Reference group effect: ??????,???????????????????? ???? Deprivation effect: results get confused by what people would like to have versus actually have Situation sampling: 1.???????????????????????????2??
??????????????????,?????????????????????? ?? Cultural priming: ????????????????,??????????????? ?????????? It used in cross-cultural comparisons, makes ideas associated with specific cultural meanings more accessible to participants?????????,?????? ??????????????? Tightness-looseness: ????????,??????????????? Unpackaging: ?????????? culture of honor: ??????????????? Occam's razor: ?????,????????. Cross-cultural psychological research requires choosing cultures to study based on their scores on a theoretical variable of interest and developing knowledge about each culture ahead of time is essential. ????????????????? ??????????,????????????? A limitation of cross-cultural research is that the cultural background of participants cannot be altered. Situation sampling is a method that can approximate experimental manipulations of culture. ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????? Cultural differences beg for explanations, and unpackaging involves identifying the underlying variables that give rise to such differences. ????????,? unpackaging ???????????????? Our confidence in any scientific finding is strengthened when multiple methods yield the same pattern of results, thus ruling out alternative explanations. Nisbett and Cohen's study of the culture of honor in the U.S. South is an excellent example. ??????????????,?????????,??????????? ??????Nisbett and Cohen's study ??????????????????????
3. Which of the following is an advantage of experiments in cross-cultural psychological research? a. The results can be generalized to more situations. b. They are easier to conduct than correlational studies. c. They are equally meaningful to people in all cultures. d. They make response biases less problematic. e. They can more easily be conducted in the real world. 4. The tendency for people living in conditions with a real threat of starvation to value food more than those living where food is abundant is an example of a. the reference group effect. b. socially desirable responding. c. acquiescence bias. d. unsynchronized sample selections. e. the deprivation effect. Chapter 5: development and socialization Sensitive period: - a period of time during development when it is relatively easy to acquire a set of skills. ???????????????????????????????????, ????????????????? ????????????? ?,??????????,??????????,??? ?????,????????????Both parts are in the frontal lobe in Broca's area. ?????????????????????? Because humans are born cultureless and acquire culture as they are socialized. ???????????,???????????? Co-sleeping: ??????????????????? Westermarck effect Not sexually attracted to those you live with during early life ?????????????? Incest avoidance ????????????????????? protection of the vulnerable ??????????????????? female chastity anxiety ?????????????????? respect for hierarchy ????????????????????????? ???????,??????????????????????? sacred couple ????????????????????? autonomy ideal ??????????????????,???????? Attachment theory ????????????????????????? secure attachment ?????????????????,????????????? ???,??????????? avoidant attachment ?????????????,???????????