WEEK 4 - SOCIALIZATION LECTURE Socialization experience 28. weeks: reliable response to acoustic stimulation · Hear background noises (noise floor): maternal breathing, cardiovascular, intesti- nal, physical movements · tissues and fluids, route of sound transmission, sensitivity of fetal hearing mecha- nism all affect perception of external sound · intelligible speech must overcome background noise · what can fetuses hear o rhythm in speech o vowels - louder and longer duration, convey more linguistic information o difficult to pick up consonants · sleep: babies sleep a lot after they are born o sleep is a biological necessity > universal o parameters of sleep are not universal south-east Asian countries sleep roughly an hour and half less per night than in European descent countries Japan > bottom of all international sleep comparisons . Comparing cultural differences European cultural: higher sleep time at night Asian cultured: higher sleep latency and sleep problems · Subjective ratings: what constitutes a sleep problem is subjec- tive across cultures · European culture: higher rate sleeping alone (in another room, or in the same room but different bed) What kind of sleeping arrangement makes the most sense?
· Co-sleeping: promotes breastfeeding during the night > posi- tive for infant brain development and relieves stress. But claims have been made that co-sleeping is associated or responsible for sudden infant death syndrome o associated with thermal stress, airway obstruction, re- breathing of expired air . BUT: co-sleeping has been increasing while rates of SIDS has been going down o Cultures with higher rates of co-sleeping have lower rates of SIDS than cultures that do . Risk factor does not equal cause - other factors commonly found in conjunction (alcoholism, substance use) Reccomendations: don't smoke or drink, place the baby on the back, stiff matresses, no cracks or crevices. . Ethnic minorities tend to bedshare most commonly Parenting · Baumrind: broke parenting down into two primary dimensions 1. Responsiveness Degree of warmth, support and acceptance versus parental rejection and non-respon- siveness 2. Demandingness Degree to which parents are demanding and controlling Parents fall somewhere on a 4 quadrant plane . High in R and D > Authoritative: child-centered, high expectations, focssed on child's emotional regulation · High D low R > Authoritarian: high demands, strict rules, low open dialogue . High R low D -> Permissive: few rules, limits or controls
· Low R low D > rejecting, neglecting: disengaged, not supportive, no limits or moni- toring, focussed on their own needs Which dimension is best? · Western research consistently find one answer > authoritative o Perceived parental warmth and acceptance, autonomy, self-reliance, better- school achievement . But typology is wrapped up in western ideas o Implicit vs explicit communications of warmth o Less physical contact, fewer emotional discussions and dialogues o Chinese parents seem to use the authoritarian parenting Jiao xun - focusses on training child to be good members of society at significant cost to oneself The effect of parenting styles is not culturally consistent · Authoritarian o In