self-enhancement through lens of over confidence difficult to figure out if people are giving correct answers look at pictures of eyes to read emotions played with tokens/ real coins betting except you're allowed to be wrong trying to pit 2 interests against each other self-interest vs. modesty took average of guesses and subtracted from that actual performance to get over-estimation spread was measure of over precision when people not incentivized- cultural variability in self-enhancement expected- they underestimate performance when incentivized- everyone overestimating- self enhancing without incentive-spread of bets pretty similar with incentive- spread differs modesty norms don't explain uncertainty evidence for: less cultural variability when examining overestimation more cultural variability when examining over precision agency and control different cultural environments will foster different ways of exercising control two questions can we change? - implicit theories of self yes- incremental theory of self belief that abilities are malleable and are capable of being changed with efforts no-entity theory of self assumes abilities are fixed express innate features-things we can't do if the world responsive to our changes? - implicit theories of the world yes-incremental theory of world world is flexible and responsive to our efforts to change it
no-entity theory of the world world is fixed very little can be done to change it it is beyond our ability to change the world primary control- exercising agency by making changes to environment to suit one's own needs assume an internal locus of control >incremental theory of self >entity theory of self >independent view of self secondary control- exercising agency by adjusting goals and desires to control >entity theory of the world >incremental theory of the self >interdependent view of self independent self-construal imp decisions made by self interdependent self-construal imp decisions often made by close others these motivations fle.g. importance of self-esteem) commonly expressed in advertisements too many choices deplete mental resources