LECTURE 26 Fairness in practice Individualistic societies - more emphasis on work for rewards - one's input is proportional to rewards - supposed to increase motivation to work - relates to equity Collectivistic societies - everyone gets the same raise but reward seniority - weakenes the link between individual input and rewards - decreased motivation to work hard but promotes harmonious relations - related to equality Societies that operate on principle of need in the textbook Fundamentals of Morality and Fairness Fairness in economic games Dictator Game Proposer is given 100 dollars and gets to decide how much to share with someone else Ultimatum Game Proposer needs to decide how much to give to the receiver - but receiver can reject the offer causing both parties to lose everything - Economists proposed Homo economicus - people will offer as low as possible and will accept low if they need to - humans are rational - data suggests minimum offer accepted is 30% - people will accept no money if offer is too low Reasons for prosocial behaviour: - Kinship - large societies cooperate better when we default to treating people as kin since it is easier than keeping track - Reciprocity - being prosocial to others expecting that others will be prosocial towards you Cross-cultural variation - Fairness norms vary widely - Economists have argued a for market integration 1
Market Integration measured as the percentage of purchased calories (food) - more market integration -> more 50/50 fairness norms - less likely to be taken advantage of/more trust, fairness, cooperation with anony- mous groups - lowers transaction costs and increases long term reward Public Goods Game - group of people in which everyone pays into a common reward (ex. fun) - the more people give into it the more everyone gets out of it - People who put more into the pot can choose to punish free-riders in order to en- courage giving more to the public good . Pro-social punishment Results - All groups showed punishment - higher values of punishment for darker colour (people who gave much less than you) . likely from negative emotions from violation of fairness norms - People also showed anti-social punishment -> people punished for giving too much · Details of why this happens are unclear but is negatively predicted by: - rule of law - civic cooperation New Theory of Moral Foundation What does it take to be a moral foundation 1. Culturally widespread 2. Confers an adaptive environment 3. Evidence of innate preparedness 4. Automatic affective evaluations 5. Common concern in third-party judgements What moral foundations fulfill these conditions? - Harm - teacher hitting a students hand -> Autonomy - Fairness - - > Autonomy - Loyalty - teacher wants other school to win -> Community - Authority - teenage girl ignoring her parents -> Community - Purity - ordering a sex doll -> Divinity Moral foundations of Harm 2
- Maternal brains are sensitive to offspring suffering -> generalized beyond