LECTURE 28 All relationships are composed of four basic types - Communal sharing · group members emphasize socially meaningful common identities · pooled resources · Strongest if consubstantial assimilation -> perceived or real kinship (sharing some aspect of the body · High levels of compassion - Authority Ranking · members of a group are linearity ranked along hierarchical social dimension · asymmetrical relationships - Higher ranking -> privilege and prestige, entitled to greater amount of re- sources - give command - Lower rank -> entitled to some protection and care from above as long as appropriate respect is given - Give obedience - Equality Matching . relationships based on reciprocity and balance (people tend to keep track of what is being given vs received) · Often given in turn . Unlike communal sharing -> contributions are highly monitored for reciprocity · Seen in voting - everyone gets one vote - if someone had an extra vote, everyone would need to have an extra vote - Market Pricing · also emphasizes reciprocity and balance to be monitored but not direct reci- procity - reciprocity is not of the same kind and does not entail turn taking - Relies on use of arbitrary symbols given immediately (AKA currency) All four of these groups are universal but variability in the extent to which each operates. Individualism -> Market pricing traditional subsistence -> equality matching Organizations around the world Different approaches to doing business 1
- Chaebol . South Korean form of business organization · Collection of corporations in different domains falling under one name, con- trolled by one chairman (run by the family) . Run on a hierarchy with chairman and executives at top and workers at bottom . Superiors are seen and act in a fatherly way: loving but stern -> creates a fam- ily like network of relationships - leads to mixing of life inside and outside work - there is a cultural norm to go out drinking with boss to try and move up in the company - Boss may try to set workers up on dates - Boss takes part in wedding ceremonies · ex. Samsung - makes electronics mostly - also life insurance, medical centre - also Hyundai, LG etc. - Guanxi · Chinese approach · based on developing relationships and dense personal networks · Mixing of social and professional networks . Density increases as members of ones network begin to make connections with each other . Transitive - interactions can lead to sharing of each other's networks - indirect relationship yet immediate trust based on mutual connection - Assumption is contact feels accountable to mutual connection to do a good job -> this tends to be more important than making the most money possi- ble or saving - Simpatia . Approach common in latin american cultures · intended to make social interactions more smooth . Similar to east Asian cultural environments . Include Social Harmony and Interpersonal attention Differences from East-asian cultures - Emphasis on positive affect