- Ways of knowing: 1) Scientific methods 2) Unscience methods(non-data driven) 3) logic(not science nor unscience) - Non-data driven methods: 1) intuitions: · Useful: good for to begin with a new research question ? Not Useful: illusory correlation(???????,??????????? ?????????????????) ? Pros: quick ways to get knowledge(??????,?????????? ??) ? Cons: can be prejudices(??) and misconceptions(??) 2) Common sense/folk wisdom: · One has certain knowledge, and believe everyone else should know(e.g. ?????,?????) · Useful: positive for generating research ideas . Not useful: 1) people will only remember when in the case if it is true 2) confirmation bias: (greater influence on one's belief if there are evidence supports this claim, less influence when there are evidence against it) 3) authority: ?) 3) contradictory with each other(e.g. ???? vs ???? · Knowledge based on information given by one's who we see as professionals. · Useful: 1)experts in certain filed can be authorities 2) minimize knowledge that requires on our own, since we are asking others to do for us. ? Not useful: 1) not all authorities are experts (???????????? ????,???????) 2) considerations on classification of expert can be subjective. 4) personal experience/testimonials · Using one's experiences to resolve present problems . Pros : 1) maybe representative of all population that has the same outcome on certain experience 2) remarkable - the type of experience(you and others) tells you are contains more impact compares to informatic 3) good for qualitative research · Cons: 1) may not be representative, maybe bias(e.g rate my prof)
2) cannot distinguish one factor to another.(e.g think about multi learner regression) 5) logic: · Knowledge obtains through logical thinking: · Useful: helps with internal reasoning and decision, and easy to analysis and critique. · Not useful: requires correct input of information, maybe knowledge is outside/not applicable of real world - Purpose of studying psychological science: 1) Basic research: behaviors(understand/explain, describe, predict, determine causes) 2) Applied research: Apply knowledge to solve - Research questions: 1) Questions on common assumption(Does arts students show less intelligence compare to science students?) 2) Observation of the world - observed a certain phenomenon, then conduct a relative research question.(e.g Eo Wilson, observed ant's behavior, then later proposed the ideas of ants would sacrifices their lives for other ants, and tend to believe this is type of "passing on the gene" 3) Solving a practice problem - 1) applied research question 2) e.g How to conduct a intelligence test that eliminates the possibility of creating biases. 4) Test theories - using current theories to test for a specific phenomenon, event, or observation. · Laurel vs yaunny - theory states the different sounds caused by age differences. Thus, we can take a sample of students and staffs at UBC, to conduct relative comparison. - Theory, hypothesis, and prediction(from broad to narrow): 1) Theory: · overwatch framework that organize and explain phenomena in data. · we can use hypothesis to testify theories.
2) Hypothesis: · a statement about a relationship may or may not be true. 3) Prediction: ?