PSYC312 - HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 7 Notes - Psychoanalysis Freud's Early Training - Background: " Sigmund Freud was a 17-year-old medical student at the University of Vienna in 1873. " Took a course titled "General Biology and Darwinism," > solidified decision to be a research scientist. · Also took courses from Franz Brentano -> worked closely with Ernst Brücke, renowned physiologist who convinced Freud to work in clinical practice instead of academia. · At University of Vienna, Freud met Josef Breuer -> physician and physiologist who would influence him. - Education and Career: · 1885: Freud received a scholarship to study under Jean-Martin Charcot > neurologist at Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, known for expertise in hypnosis and treatment of hysteria. · Charcot involved students in a genuine dialogue to help them understand the mysteries of clinical cases. " Freud was influenced by Charcot > overheard him saying "it was always about the genitals" when it came to hysterical symptoms in one of his female patients. " This and other experiences in Paris helped Freud understand the importance of the relationship between sexual issues and neuroses. 1886: Freud opened neurological practice and married Martha Bernays > had six children in first nine years of their marriage. - Significance: · Freud's education and experiences with Charcot influenced his development of psychoanalytic theory. · Emphasis on sexuality and connection to mental illness became a central tenet of Freud's work. " Freud's contributions to psychology continue to influence the field to this day. Josef Breuer and the Case of Anna O - 1880: Breuer began treating a young woman, given the case name of "Anna O.," " After the death of her father (greatly attached) Anna O experienced many problems > headaches, partial paralyses, periods of overexcitement, visual disturbances, and loss of sensation. o Other symptoms appeared later including multiple personalities, speech difficulties, bizarre hallucinations, and an inability to drink. · During a session Anna O. told him about seeing a woman allow her dog to drink from a glass. o o Was extremely disgusted by the sight While telling Breuer about the incident, emotion seemed to subside, and she could drink again. · Breuer seized on occurrence as a way to treat her other symptoms. o Using hypnosis, he attempted to reach causes of each of her physical or psychological symptoms When they were discovered and dealt with in the psychotherapy, symptoms disappeared. o Breuer called this the catharsis method or cathartic cure -> symptoms were believed to be the result of pent-up emotions and if the emotion was released, symptoms should disappear. " By 1882, Breuer had cured Anna O. of all her symptoms - Henri Ellenberger (1972) discovered a manuscript from Breuer written in 1882 " Showed a relapse of many symptoms " Had placed her in a sanatorium in Switzerland for further cure. Anna O. would recover. " Ernest Jones published biography of Freud in 1950s > revealed AO's true identity: Bertha Pappenheim. o Was a pioneering social worker