CVS - Wally Epidemiological evidence · Modern medicine has increased the lifespan of indidivuals > greater burden of age-related diseases (e.g., alzheimer's) . Relationship between income & life expectancy (countries) · Differences in communicable and non-communicable disease prevalence in different countries . What is a natural process of aging that predicts heart disease? (clue: relates to vessels) · How does healthcare spending relate to aging? · What ff of the Australian healthcare budget is allocated to CVD? o What is the major age bracket that this goes towards? . True or false: heart failure kills more people and costs more than all diseases combined except for Alzheimer's Disease · What are three things that cause myocyte death? o What impact does myocyte death have on heart function? · Does public health messaging work to prevent disease? HF Define HF [clues below if needed] Heart failure is a slow progressive condition caused by killing cardiomyocytes and o Does it happen overnight? No, slow and progressive o Cellular structure and function Damages cardiomyocites, no contractility o Blood filling and ejection Reduced blood filling, reduced blood ejection o Oxygen delivery Oxygen not delivered to tissues · List four consequences of hypertension . Name four types of heart failure 1. Left ventricular hypertrophy fi. What effects does primary myocardial injury have on: o Neurohormones Cortisol Renin Aldosterone Sympathetic hormones E o The endothelium (vessels) Calcium ROS Vasoconstriction S
o Secondary myocardial effects (the heart itself) Hypertrophy, hyperplasia o What major outcomes do all of these three effects lead to? Hypertension, cardiovascular injury, death . How does HF impact the size of the heart? Increases the size of the heart · What is the ejection fraction (write the formula)? Ejection fraction is the total amount of blood ejected/total amount of blood filled · Define cardiomegaly Increased heart size (increased ventricular size) . Define congestive heart failure Blocked lungs/fluid filled lungs due to poor blood ejection Define HFpEF. What is another name for it? Preserved ejection function aka diastolic heart failure. Failure of the blood to fill with blood. o What is its left ventricular ejection fraction Equal to or greater than 50ff o If you get diagnosed with HFpEF do you have a good prognosis? No, you're fucked o Why is it more dangerous to have HFpEF? (clue: think of its symptoms) Its asymptomatic o What extracardiac functions contribute to HFpEF? Diabetes, hypertension, Define HFrEF. What is another name for it? Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction. Systolic HF o What is its left ventricular ejection fraction Less than 50ff o If you get diagnosed with HFrEF do you have a good prognosis? Better than if you get diagnosed with HFpEF . What are the symptoms of HF? Fatigue, effort intolerance, dyspnoea, systemic & pulmonary congestion o What ff of patients will die from HF? Within how many years? 50ff, within 4 years o What is the 1-year survival rate of end-stage HF? 50ff o What are the comorbities of HF?
Diabetes, Management and treatment