WEEK: LECTURE: 2 SKELETAL MUSCLE DISORDERS SKELETAL MUSCLE ATROPHY CLASSIFICATION: A reduction in the size of a particular tissue due to disuse Primary - due to myopathies (pathology in the muscle tissue) Secondary- due to neuropathies (neural innovation) Both associated with altered muscle Function, shape & structure CAUSES: Prolonged dive of muscles Prolonged red vest Casting of a broken bone Inherited Muscular dystrophies B CONTRACTURES CLASSIFICATION: Elastic tissue is replaced by inelastic tissue Prevents normal movement occurs mostly in the skin , tissues underneath, and muscles, tendons and ligaments surrounding a joint Usually associated with pain CAUSES: scarring after traumatic injury or burns Severe muscle and bone injuries Brain/nervous system disorders Nerve damage Stroke COMPARTMENT SYNDROME CLASSIFICATION: A compartment are a group of muscles that are covered by a strong membrane called Fascia Increase pressure results and compression of capillaries, nerves, myocytes Occurs as a result of excessive pressure within a muscle compartment CLINICAL FEATURES Intense pain Burning or prickling sensation (paraesthesia) Paralysis (lack of blood Flow/ nerve pressure) Digits become code and discoloured (cyanosed or white CAUSES: severe injury Crush injury Severe haematoma or Fracture Exertion (exercise induced) Latrogenic injury Tight bandage, splint or cast MANAGEMENT Fasciotomy A cut through the Fascia to relieve pressure
WEEK: LECTURE: 2 METABOLIC BONE DISORDERS OSTEOPENIA CLASSIFICATION Decreased bone mass Compact or spongey bone Increased absorption of bone tissue Compact (cortical bone) More spaces in bone tissue Spongy (trabecular bone) NORMAL OSTEOPENIA OSTEOPOROSIS SEVERE OSTEOPOROSIS Chovricht & 2068 by Mosbe, Inc. an affiliate of Einevier inc OSTEOPOROSIS CLASSIFICATION Osteopenia that is severe enough to significantly increase the risk of Fracture Normal bone that has decreased in quantity Easy Fractures that would not normally occur Falls Can be classified as: Postmenopausal (hormonal) Senile (aging) CONSEQUENCES Pathological Fractures: Pain Location Vertebral - thoracic & lumbar Height loss Lordosis & kyphoscoliosis Femoral neck Pelvis Pulmonary embolism Pneumonia <10 Back pain caused by Fractured or collapsed vertebrae ?10-30 220-30 230-50 Loss of height over time A stooped posture A bone that breaks much more easily than expected MANAGEMENT Low risk - treatment will Focus on modifying risk Factors For bone loss and Fall High-risk - medications may be prescribed to improve bone density A bone density test will be conducted to determine risk CAUSES Hormone-driven Decreased serum oestrogen and testosterone Increased osteoclast activity (breakdown bone tissue ) Aging Reduced production of bone Forming cells Decreased activity of osteoblasts Decrease synthesis of osteoid Reduced calcium intake (vit D) Smoking of tobacco Alcohol consumption Less physical activity / prolonged in mobility Gene defects CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
WEEK: LECTURE: M aB iC bO dI rD s 2 CLASSIFICATION: RICKETS $ OSTEOMALACIA CAUSES: Fundamental defect From an impairment of mineralisation Deficiency of vitamin D Abnormal metabolism of vitamin D May occur in renal osteodystrophy A result of an accumulation of an mineralised matrix Rickets CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS occurs in children Reduce the position of bone in the growth plates Rickets Delayed grow Bowed legs or knock knees osteomalacia Under-mineralised bone during bone remodelling,