WEEK: LECTURE: CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 1 FUNCTION COMPOSITION OF BLOOD To and From all cells in the body it: Distribute nutrients. Remove waste Failure to do this would result in: Restricted perFusion deficient nutrient supply and waste removal Cell death in thereForl loss of Function in all organ systems plasma (55%) buffy coat HAEMODYNAMICS red blood cells (45%) VASCULAR RESISTANCE LAMINAR FLOW As blood Flows through blood vessels and creates a resistance - the opposition to bloodFlow due to the Friction between blood and the walls of the blood vessels. This depends on: 1. Viscosity of blood 2. Length (total) of blood vessel 4 . Radius of blood vessel lumen Occurs is under normal conditions, and is characterised by the smooth Flow of Fluid (blood) in layers that do not mix with each other. Fluid is at the centre and Flows Faster where the blood touches the walls of the vessel Fluid moves in lanes due to the viscosity differences ( axial stream) BULK FLOW Important For the regulation of relative volumes of blood and interstitial Fluid A passive process that Flows From high-pressure to low-pressure areas Controlled by the osmotic pressure BLOOD CIRCULATION Systemic Movement of blood From the heart, through the body, back to the heart The larger high-pressure system Pulmonary Movement of blood From the heart to the lungs For oxygenation, then back to the heart
LECTURE: CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS BLOOD VESSELS Capillaries Arteries Continuous Tightly bound Found in skin and muscle with small gaps Blood away From the heart WEEK: 1 Veins Blood towards the heart High pressure Low pressure Fenestrated Large pores that Facilitate exchange and Found in kidneys or small intestine Thick wall Thin walls STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CHAMBERS The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs (right atrium ) and ( right ventricle) The left side of the heart pumps blood out of the aorta, to the rest of the body ( left atrium) and (left ventricle STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VALUES Valves open and close in response to pressure changes and prevent backFlow of blood. Atrioventricular - tricuspid (right), bicuspid/mitral (left). Semilunar - pulmonary (right), aortic ( left ) LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL Epicardium (visceral layer) - protection Myocardium - cardiac muscle tissue Endocardium - endothelial cells Heart: The Great Vessels Superior vena cava Anastomosis (junction of vessels) Superior vena cava Aorta Right pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Right pulmonary veins Right atrium Left pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Right coronary artery Right ventricle Right - marginal artery Inferior vena cava Aorta Pulmonary trunk Left atrium Left coronary artery Circumflex artery Left ventricle Anterior interventricular artery Posterior interventricular artery
LECTURE: HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS WEEK: 1 OEDEMA · Swelling which results From the movement of Fluid From blood vessels into the interstitial Fluid. Protein poor (transudate) or protein rich ( exudate) · Oedema may be caused by: - Increased hydrostatic pressure (heart Failure) - Increase vascular permeability (inflammation) Hydrostatic pressure A. NORMAL B. EXUDATE C. TRANSUDATE Increased hydrostatic pressure = Colloid osmotic