Native and invasive ants affect floral visits of pollinating honey bees in pumpkin flowers (Cucurbita maxima) 1. Brief Overview of Study This study investigated the interaction between flower-visiting ants and honey bee pollinators in Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin flowers) and compared the interference competition applied by native and invasive ant species on pollinators. The researchers assessed the pollinator's choice to visit ant-occupied or unoccupied flowers, the visitation rate, and time spent foraging per visit. This included measuring the time spent foraging on unoccupied flowers versus ant- occupied flowers. 2. Response Variable The amount of time the pollinator spent foraging inside the flower in a single visit recorded in seconds (s). 3. Variable Type Continuous 4. Null Hypothesis (H0) The mean foraging time of the pollinators was the same whether the flower was ant-occupied or not. 5. P-Value 0.00005 6. Conclusion The researchers found very strong evidence that honey bee pollinators spent less time foraging on ant-occupied flowers than unoccupied flowers. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83902-w