Ethics essay It is during the preschool period that infants undergo dramatic developmental changes to their sleep patterns (Jiang F., 2019). This observational study investigated the ellects of the quality of father-child relationships on the development of sleep variables among toddlers, namely proportion of nighttime sleep (%) through nighttime monitoring and free-play session recordings (Tetreault E.,Bernier A., Matte- Gagne C.,2021). After analysis of the ethical components of this study, I can conclude that it is ethically sound. Prior to its commencement, mothers provided written consent for the participation of their children. I assume all the requirements for informed consent were met; the relevant information was disclosed and participants understood the information, no duress involved. The paper states children were recruited at 8 months and the laboratory testing began 10 months later, giving mothers an ample amount of time to withdraw. The data was collected non-invasively through actigraphy methods over three nights, rather than an optimal 5 nights, in order to "reduce child and family burden." The participants were given $20 at each point to compensate for their time. Free play session recording involved observations by a mind-mindedness assessor. To preserve ethicality, fathers involved in the study were aware that they were being lllmed and observed. However, this awareness might've impacted the reliability of the results as they may not have behaved as authentically as if they were in private. Limitations were substantially discussed. The authors acknowledged that the study does not draw lIrm conclusions between paternal inlluences on child sleep for reasons such as the limited nature of the results due to small sample size and quality of father-child measurements. The questionnaire containing concrete questions was involved to eliminate biases such as misperceptions and social desirability. The self- reported nature of this could lead to personal bias and falsilled evidence. All procedures within the study were approved by the University of Montreal's ethics committee. The study was funded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, a legitmate federal research funding agency. None of the authors reported any conflict between writers and there doesn't appear to be any monetary value for the researchers to complete the survey as outcomes have been shared with communities, businesses and governments. The paper ensures conlldentiality by making data only available by request due to privacy/ethical restriction. After reviewing the statistical analysis of the data, it is evident that there was no fabrication of results to support the hypothesis due to the transparency of authors. Data smoothing, extrapolation of data using FILM analysis and elimination of invalid data was mentioned clearly by researchers. The researchers stated limited studies have been conducted regarding the factors that forecast sleep developments in toddlerhood which gives me reason to believe no 'cooking' or plagiarism was involved. With regards to the utilitarian ethical framework, it is essential that the expected benelts should out-weigh the cost and that none of the human subjects were harmed. The actigraphy allows minimal intrusion for children, is, overall, ethically acceptable and provides practical