-major minerals: large quantities, trace minerals:small quantities -may bind w other substances & interact w other minerals -> affecting absorption Binders in food combine w minerals -> prevent absorption (phytates in legumes&grains;oxalates in spinach&rhubarb) Nutrient interactions: effect each other absorption (Na&Ca,P&Mg,often caused=supplements) -major minerals: retain identity when exposed to heat,air,acid/mixing; minerals can be lost when leaching into water -Na,K,Cl/fluid balance; Ca,P,Mg/bone growth&health -Ca absorption rate for adults is 25% of calcium consumed. -Calcium-binding protein is needed for calcium absorption. -Factors that enhance absorption: stomach acid,vitamin D,lactose,growth hormones -Factors that inhibit absorption: lack of stomach acid, vit.D deficiency,high phosphorus intake,high-fibre diet,phytates in seeds, nuts, and grains,oxalates in beet greens, rhubarb, and spinach -water: · carries nutrients and waste products · maintains the structure of large molecules · participates in metabolic reactions · solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose and others · lubricant and cushion around joints, inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and in amniotic fluid during pregnancy · regulation of body temperature · maintains blood volume and blood pressure · Role in fluid-electrolyte balance · Role in acid-base balance Ca Adequate intake: 3800mg/day (men) 2800 mg/day (women) 19-70: 1000mg/day >70: 1300mg/day Upper level: 2500 mg/day -absorption rate adults 25%of Ca consumed 99% in bone 1% blood Peak bone mass is the bone'fullest potential in size and density developed in 1st 3 decades of life -against hypertension -DASH&OZDASH diets (rich in Ca,Mg,K) -maintain healthy body weight -calcium from dairy foods better from supplements -work w vit.D Osteoporosis is the disease where the bones become porous and fragile due to mineral losses. · No obvious symptoms of mineral loss in bones appear. It is silent. · Deficiency in children can present as stunted growth. constipation, increased risk of urinary stone formation, kidney dysfunction, and interference with the absorption of Fresh foords (fruits, vegi) Processed foods less K -tofu, corn tortillas, some nuts and seeds -mustard and turnip greens, broccoli, bok choy, kale, parsley, watercress, and seaweed (nori)
P Na Adults: 1,000 mg/day for ages 19-70 years ·Upper intake level for those 19-70 years of age is 4,000 mg/day. Dietary recommendations include a moderate intake of salt and sodium. Minimum adults: 500 mg/day. Adequate Intake: Adults, 460- 920 mg/day. · The upper intake level for adults is 2,300 mg/day. -Ca rigour when high blood Ca levels& cause muscles to contract -Ca tetany when low blood Ca levels& cause uncontrolled muscle contractions -abnormal due to problem w hormone secretion/lack of vit.D -bones get robbed of Ca before blood concentration gets low Most of the phosphorus is found in the bones and teeth. . Required for mineralisation of bones and teeth · also important in energy metabolism, energy transfer ·part of every cell ·genetic material (DNA and RNA) ·part of phospholipids ·buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance. one of the primary electrolytes in the body and is responsible for maintaining fluid balance. ·maintains normal fluid and electrolyte and acid-base balance · assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction ·filtered out of the blood