1 Physiological influences · Empty stomach · Gastric contractions · Absence of nutrients in small intestine · GI hormones · Endorphins (the brain's pleasure chemicals) are triggered by the smell, sight, or taste of foods, enhancing the desire for them 5 Postabsorptive influences (after nutrients enter the blood) · Nutrients in the blood signal the brain (via nerves and hormones) about their availability. use, and storage · As nutrients dwindle, satiety diminishes. · Hunger develops 1 Hunger 2 Seek food and start meal 5 Satiety: Several hours later B T 2 Sensory influences · Thought, sight, smell, sound, taste of food -1kg of body fat = 30 000kJ energy, BMI: < 18 underweight, >25 overweight, >30 obese. -Most satiating protein > complex carbohydrates > high fat & high sugar foods stimulate & entice appetite -Energy out: basal metabolic act.s 50-65ti, physical act.30-50ti, thermic effects of food 10ti& adaptive thermogenesis .- Energy requirements differ: personal, age, gender, weight, height. -intensity & duration of physical act. - >difference. -all vitamins destroyed=heat rdiac failure, muscular weakness, mory, confusion, irritability, Wholegrain,fortified or enriched grain products, moderate amounts in all foods, yeast spreads (vegemite), pork 3 Keep eating 4 Satiation: End meal m 4 Postingestive influences (after food enters the digestive tract) · Food in stomach triggers stretch receptors B R fl · Nutrients in small intestine elicit hormones (for example, fat elicits cholecystokinin, which slows gastric emptying) B3 Niaci n 16 NEffday (men) 14 NEffday (women) Upper level of 35mgffday for adults Body obtain B3 from dietary niacin &die.trytophan (60mg of dietary trytophan=1mg niacin) Involved in metabolism of glucose,fat, alcohol NAD&NADP, phosphate form of NAD coenzyme forms B6 19-50 years: 1.3mgffday Upper level for adults: 50mgffday ttioenzyme forms involved in amino&fatty acid metabolism (converse trytophan- >niacin,serotonin, produce red blood cells) 3 Cognitive influences . Presence of others, me (abuse alcohol) social stimulation · Perception of hunger, awareness of fullness . Favorite foods, foods with special meaningy to light, reddening of cornea, · Time of day · Abundance of ess at the corners of mouth red tongue available food - skin lesions covered w greasy scales - ariboflavinosis Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vomitting, inflamed, swollen, smooth&bright red tongue,depression,apathy,fatigue, loss of memory, headache, rash when expose to sunlight Easily destroyed =ultraviolet light, irradiation, not = cooking Milk products Enriched&whole grains Livers ttian lost from foods when leaching into water Resistant to heat Nuts&all protein-containing food eggs, meat,poultry, fish Wholegrain, enriched breads & cereals Milk Flush dilates capillaries & be painful Painful flush, hives, rash Excessive sweating Blurred vision, liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance Scaly dermatitis, anaemia(small cell type), depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions Meats, fish,poultry, liver, legumes,soy products, non-citrus fruits, fortified cereals Depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness&muscle weakness->inability to walk ttionvulsions, skin lesions Alcohol destroys vitamin
Folat e B12 tti A Beta- 3000 ug REffday carot ene (men) 900 ug REffday. ( women) 700 ug REffday. - Toxicity often associated w abuse of Adults: 400ugffday Higher for pregnant DFE: account for bioavailability