Week 17 - Phonology Tuesday, February 5, 2019 3:45 PM - The organization of sounds in a language - Patterns of sound from one language to another - Changes that sounds can undergo. Contrast in sounds - In certain languages, some possible sounds are not present. Ex, English [c] or [q] - Of sounds that are in English, some sounds are able to distinguish words. Ex bit vs pit, - Other sounds do not distinguish words, like [p] vs [p^h] - In one sense, [b]. [p] and [p^h] are different sounds - In another sense, [p] and [p^h] are the same sounds Terminology - Phone: an acoustic or articulatory sound. [p] is a phone that occurs in English. [q] is a English - Phoneme: a contrastive unit of sound. Changing one phoneme can distinguish two m Two morphemes distinguished by the difference of a single phoneme are called minin - Allophone: is a phone that is variation of the pronunciation of a phoneme. Allophone contrast. Example, [p] and [p^h]. - Minimal pair: a pair of words or morphemes that are distinguished by a change in a si in meaning can be attributed to the contrast between those sounds, diagnosing phon bin. - Near minimal pair: getting as close as possible to minimal pair. Necessary when a true or does not exist in someone's dialect 5 minimal pairs: Bat, pat Tool, cool Cut, cat Call, doll Stop, slop Differences Between Languages - Two language can have the same set of phones but organize them different. Ex, in Eng
Differences Between Languages - Two language can have the same set of phones but organize them different. Ex, in English, aspirated and unaspirated stops do not contrast, but they do in Hindi. - Speakers that do not possess certain contrasts in their native language can have trouble perceiving the difference in those sounds. - English and Hindi each have 3 bilabial stop phones, but they are organized differently. o English has 3 phones, 2 phonemes, with [p] and [p^h] being the same phoneme o Hindi has 3 phones and 3 phonemes. o Likewise, English has [I] and [r] as separate phonemes, whereas Korean they are both the same phoneme. Allophones: free vs complementary distribution - Allophones of /t/ in Canadian English - [t], [t^h], [t']. (aspirated, tap, unreleased and released, ejectivized) - Each are different pronunciation of /t/, but there is no contrast between them. - Some are predictable (t, aspirated t, tap t) - The other two (regular t, released and unreleased) are not predictable, they are in free variation. - Complimentary distribution: either on or the other can occur but never both. Dark vs light [l] - Light [l] before vowels, dark everywhere else. Natural Class - A set of sounds uniquely defined by some common description - A set of all phonemes in a language that share a property/properties. Phonemes and Allophones continued - Phones: what we hear in the world. Sounds. Different ways a phoneme may be pronounced.