Week 19 - More Phonology and Derivation Tuesday, February 26, 2019 3:55 PM Review - Sounds that contrast are phonemes. Use minimal pairs to find the contrast. - 2 sounds are allophones if they are two different ways of pronouncing the same phon different words. May be in free variation or complementary distribution - Features: express properties of segments. Can be monovalent [LABIAL] or binary [+/-v - Natural Class: is a set of all segments in a language that share some feature or feature - Syllable Structure ? Has obligatory and optional elements. The rhyme and nucleus are obligatory, o ? Some languages impose fairly strict restrictions on possible syllable shape. Ex, h Japanese (C)V(C) no complex onsets or codas. ? English can have 3 consonant onsets and codas Building Syllables - Project the nucleus - Onset formation. Onset is more important than the coda. As many consonants as pos - Coda formation Two principles - Sonority Principle ? Sonority rises towards the nucleus and falls after it - The Syllable Contact Law ? Languages prefer sonority to rise across a syllable boundary Sonority Requirement - AKA the Sonority Sequencing Principle ? Sonority of segments must: . Rise leading to the nucleus " Decline after nucleus § Most sonorous segment is the nucleus - Sonority scale: ? Obstruent -> Nasal -> Liquid -> Glide -> Vowel - Languages allow exceptions to the Sonority Requirement ? Ex, English can have triple consonant cluster onsets only with /s/ as the first cor codas are only possible if the final consonant is voiceless.
- Sonority scale: ? Obstruent -> Nasal -> Liquid -> Glide -> Vowel - Languages allow exceptions to the Sonority Requirement ? Ex, English can have triple consonant cluster onsets only with /s/ as the first consonant. Triple consonant codas are only possible if the final consonant is voiceless. Rule Notation - /A/ -> [B]/C - An underlying representation 'A' is realized as a surface form '[B]' in the environment 'C' - A B and C should always be single segments or natural classes [-continuant][-nasal][-sonorant][+consonental][-DR][+voice] -> [-voice] / # Affricates appear between two vowels Stops appear next to one or more consonants or Rule: fricatives when between two vowels, Stop everywhere else. /b/,/d/,/g/ voiced stops -> voiced fricatives/ V_V [+voice][-continuant][-sonorant][-DR] -> [+continuant] / V_