LING 100 Sep 16th,2021 Lecture 4 Week 2 - words & word structure Morphology: the study of words and word formation Any word that can be pronounced etc, and word formation like dinosaurs, adding more - Words are autonomous or free units of language - Can be pronounced with a pause before and after - Can occupy different positions in the sentence - Can be morphologically simple or complex - (simple) - black, the, bird, words that are simple that consists of one morphine - (complex) - bird-s, black-bird , they consist of more than one morphology or more than one word -morphemes; smallest meaningful units of language -cannot be decomposed into smaller parts without a loss of meaning train - tr. Ain - or a change of meaning fantom - fan. Tom (we get a change of meaning) we get a different word - Free versus bound morphemes - We make a distinction between free and bound -Free morphemes Can occur in isolation, can be pronounced w a pause before and after, they are morphologically simple words. Ex. Bird, the, perch -bound morphemes Cannot occur in isolation Must form part of a larger word Ex jump-ed. Un-tie, dinosaur-s Allomorphs -morphemes are not pronounced the same, when it has several different pronunciations, w say that the morpheme has several allomorphs. -allomorphs: different pronunciations (forms) of morphemes
Allomorphic variation: when the pronunciation of a morpheme varies It is rule-governed Plural morpheme (s). tip-s, bit-s, tick-s. pronounced as a s (z) Rib-s, bid-s, rig-s (Ez). Rose-s, fleece-s. the upside down "e" is used to show the most common weak vowel. It's pronounced like "uhh" and is called schwa (Voicing in Adams apple) Word structure Roots and affixes Complex words typically consist of a root morpheme of one of more affixes Root: determines the core meaning of the word. Typically belongs to a lexical category Affixes: provide additional meaning. Do not belong to a lexical category. Are always bound morphemes Bases Base (stem) A cover term for simple and complex forms to which affixes attach Ex - lengthened Base for -ed Root and base for -en Length en ed Types of affixes Affixes can be classified according to where they attach Prefixes are attached to the beginning of a base. On the left Ex un-kind, re-play Suffixes attached to the end of a base. On the right.
Ex: faith-ful, govern-ment, hunt-er We get a noun that describes the action if it were to a noun. To govern, to establish. Infix - attaches in the middle of a morphine Ex Tagalog language venny -in- past tense marker Base Infixed form Bili - buy Basa - read b-in-ili bought b-in-asa read It is right in the middle of a free morphine bc the marker attaches in the middle Free vs bound roots Root morphemes can b free or bound English: most roots are free. But there are also some bound roots. These typically occur as a result oof historical change. Un-kempt kempt. (old form of