Ling 100 Week 5.1 Tues lecture Morphology Review for test Major Topic areas Grammar basics - Determining the category of a word Morphology basics Derivation - (changes word meaning and word category) Derivational affixes are closer to root than inflectional affixes, less transparent and predictable. Constrained by selection restrictions. Inflection - (doesn't change meaning of word or category, feather away than derivation is, productive and general, more transparent, and predictable in terms of the meaning) Compounding - (combining two already existing words, it involves whole words, not affixes, when we analyze different parts of a compound, we look at a modifier and a head, compounds are right headed in English, compound we worry about its part, no limit to a word compound of how many words there are, have cycles of compounding, affixation applies in layers, on the right would be a complex word. Each process of affixation creates larger complex word. Has two branches, one for affix and one for stem. Derivation Properties Structural analysis of derived words Unhappily (structural analysis process) 1) Identify the category of the word (adverb) it is modifying the verb 2) Identify the parts of word (looking for root and affixes) Root = happy, prefix = un, suffix = ly 2 affixes 3) Figure the order of affixation (un is first as un attach) attach prefix to happy, attach suffix to un-happy 4) Structural analysis (tree diagram)
The guests entered the room Inflection Properties Structural analysis Application a) Circle the inflected words Guests, entered = inflection Root = guest, suffix = - s Root= enter, suffix = - ed b) Provide a structural analysis Category = noun for guest-s guest-s enter-ed category = verb = enter-ed entered is still a verb bc inflections don't change type of word Compounding Provide a structural analysis freeze-dry verb comprised of 2 other verbs, no hyphens in-crowd Category = noun preposition = in don't use hyphens usually bc they are two words already billboard = a noun, softball coach = a noun, 2 nouns, softball is adjective and noun, making it all a noun only uses hyphens on affixes. Compounds are whole words. Identifying morphemes Morpheme is the smallest unit in language A root can't be broken down further, but bases can be and that an affix attaches to.
An affix can attach to another it is a bound morpheme, it must attach to a root or base. Morphemes can be free or bound. Mostly are free though. Affixes are bound morphemes, morphemes that must attach to something Suffix attaches at the end of the base Prefix attaches at the start of morpheme Infix is a morpheme that attaches in the middle of one morpheme We look for recurring strings of sound with recurring meanings. Look for one sounds that occurs with the same meaning. Pay attention to the ordering. Prefix first, suffix last. Examples - Step 1tt identify morphemes in sentences Understand what recurs to understand what each morpheme means Must underline the words and indicate the