LING 100 Week 11.1 Nov 23, 2021 Some Additional structures: adjuncts Adjuncts Adjuncts: optional qualifying expression Structural defnition: An adjunct is the daughter of an intermediate phrase (X') and the sister of another (recursive!) intermediate phrase (X'). Properties -optional -phrasal - like complements -can be Adjp, PP, or AdvP. NP DP N a AdjP N 1 tall N Adjunct building 1 N' - Adjuncts of English -sister of N', instead of idea, we say rly good idea. -PP, on the shelf is an optional expression that qualifes the book, were talking about -adjuncts have two N' bars in the schema. N' then N' N'- Adjuncts of English AdjP adjoins to the left of N'. PP adjoins to the right of N'. NP NP DP N DP N' A a AdjP N Specifier I really good N 1 idea Adjunct the Nº 1 N 1 book PP on the shelf Adjunct V' - Adjuncts of English -same v', there is another v' after -in a chair modifes the sitting activity -read instructions, very carefully, its describing instruction reading activities
V'-Adjuncts of English PP adjoins to the right of V" Vp 1 V" AdvP (manner) usually adjoins to the right. VP 1 Vì V PP 1 V in a chair 1 sit Adjunct AdvP V NP very carefully 1 read the instructions Adjunct How to tell adjuncts and complements apart ... Complement - cannot be separated from its head of the phrase. Complement is sister of head. X is a head and cannot branch. Adjunct - can be separated from the head of its phrase. X' can branch. Sister of x'. intermediate phrases can branch. We could have another phrase. Allows to tell them apart. How to tell if complement, we try to stick another phrase, if it is ungrammatical, it is a complement. Complements A complement cannot be separated from the head of its phrase. a. See a bird with glasses b. See with glasses a bird - ungrammatical. Potential complement is not since it can't be separated from its phrase. Adjuncts Can be separated from the head of its phrase. See a bird with binoculars Adjuncts is sister of phrase, v' can branch and separated from phrase. Structural ambiguity - adjuncts can be structurally ambiguous Ex- Felix saw a man with binoculars - ambiguous between 2 readings (2 different interpretations). They can be paraphrased as follows: 1. It was a man with binoculars that Felix spotted 2. It was with binoculars that Felix saw the man
(i) It was a man with binoculars that Felix saw. TP NP The PP with binoculars is an N' adjunct. T Felix T[+Pst] VP 1 V" It qualifies its sister, the N' containing man. V 1 saw DP 1 D' 1 D N I a man NP N N PP 1 1 P 1 P NP 1 with binoculars V' adjunct. Modifes the v bar. Contains complement and object. The generalized x' Schema Phrases and sentences follow the same generalized x' schema. XP: specifer,