Week 15 - More Phonetics Tuesday, January 22, 2019 3:58 PM - Voiced or voiceless - Where on tongue (labial, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar) - Manner of articulation (stops, fricative, affricate, approximate) Foreign [a] nativization - 5 vowel systems like most in the world have one low vowel [a]. English has more vow which are more front and back than [a]. English speakers pick one. Diacritics: Aspirations - English regularly (predictably) aspirates voiceless stops. Pin vs spin. - Interacts with stress and syllable structure - A voiceless stop (p,t,k) immediately before a stressed vowel in the same syllable will b must be at the start of the syllable. - Uses a small h diacritic after the consonant - Aspiration is the extension of voicelessness into the vowel. It can affect sonoroant cor bleed. This marked with a little open circle under the sonorant consonant. Stress - Put a . between syllables, and an acute accent over the stressed syllable. R-coloured Vowels - Vowels can be R-coloured in English. - Influenced by/merges with the following rhotic. More Aspiration - Lone stop consonant before a stressed vowel. Diacritics in other languages - French has dental [d] and [t], instead of being alveolar. Diacritic of a small downward - Nasal vowels are transcribed with ~ above, so [a]
downward bracket under t and d is used - Nasal vowels are transcribed with ~ above, so [a] Broad and Narrow Transcription - Broad: indicates contrastive information. The information needed to show contrast between two words in a language. Distinguishes morphemes. Leaves out anything that is predictable. Ex, you would leave out aspiration on r after p because it is predictable. - Narrow: Gives all details. - Has to do with how we are representing speech. Words in a dictionary are usually broad, as that is more useful. Narrow is for when you want to show how a word is pronounced in a particular situation Careful vs Rapid Speech - Phonetic differences that result from different speech styles. o Flapping: whittle. [t] changes to almost a [d], but not quite. Written as the hook thing. o Nasal place assimilation: n to ng change based on the tongue position of the next sound. Inconceivable o Epenthesis: a [t] arises from change from [n] to [s]. The release of nasal causes [t] sound. Prince - prints ? Vowel reduction. Toronto -> Trono. Points in Variation in Canadian English - [æ] tensing before nasal. Canada. Intonation - The pitch contour of a sentence. Pitch is what you do with the range of your voice. Used for: o Declarative o Question ? List ? Contrast ? Rise-fall-rise - Vocal fry - Uptal