Page 1 of 3 Week 15 Long-Term Memory (Complete) Short term memory : - STM is divided into multiple systems: working memory model Baddeley - STM also contains semantic component. Patients had normal STM system but brain damage impaired STM = can't repeat +1/2 words (bad STM) = poor phonological STM but good semantic STM because they can store the gist of a sentence for a short time, even if she can't fully repeat the specific sentence. 1. Phonological loop (digit span (eg. Numbers), repeating non words ect. - also is good for verbal reasoning - inner voice, speech based form. 2. Visuo-spatial sketch pad (visual memory eg. Changing of colour of blocks and spatial memory eg. Sequence of blocks, location changes tasks. - good for visual reasoning eg. Mental rotation of blocks. - inner eye, spatial and visual coding 3. Semantic STM. One function of STM is to convert information into LTM Long term memory Phonological LTM - identifies spoken words. If phonological LTM is broken, they find it difficult to learn new words in LTM. Visual LTM - you learn to identify visual information eg. Words, objects, faces. Poor visual STM have poor route knowledge. Semantic LTM - important for the meaning and function of words and objects, knowledge of words. Allows inferences to be taken place even if you dont know the facts. - Problems with semantic STM causes difficulty in learning new things, and problems understanding complex meaningful sentences. Episodic memory - links memories from LTM all from phonological, visual, semantic to combine as episodic memory as a personal event to Procedural memory - form of learning skills eg. Riding a bike. Evidence for LTM systems: Dissociations
Page 2 of 3 LTM visual systems - a single dissociation: manipulative a experiment that affects performance on task 1 more than task 2 eg. Dyslexic people find task 1: identifying words more difficult than task 2: recognising faces. = suggests that LTM for words and faces are stored in different systems, in dyslexic people the LTM for words are damaged. Limited = maybe words are more difficult to recognise compared to faces. - double dissociation: manipulate an experiment that affects performance on task 2 but not task 1. eg. Prospopagnic people find task 2: identifying faces more difficult than task 1: identifying words. = 2 independent single disassociation, shows that there are two systems for visual LTM (faces + words) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 control dyslexia 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 control words faces words Ifaces prosopagnosia LTM sound stimuli systems - pure word deafness = can understand environmental sounds eg. Meow, but not actual spoken words eg. CAT - Auditory agnosia = understand spoken words eg. CAT but not environmental sounds eg. Meow = phonological LTM for words, LTM for non language environmental sounds = 2 separate systems. Episodic LTM and Phonological STM Episodic Memory - Anterograde amnesia patient = normal phonological STM (can remember short numbers) but not episodic memory. =