Practical Problems in Controlling H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza at Village Level in Vietnam and Introduction of Biosecurity Measures Alessandro Cristalli and Ilaria Capua https://www.jstor.org/stable/4493250?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents · Viral circulation is facilitated by the interactions of the integrated aquaculture, animal raising, horticulture agroecosystem, which relies in the peculiar integration of aquaculture (ponding), animal activities, and horticulture and by the connections with the live-bird market system . The interactions of these factors determine the complex system in which wild birds interact with domestic birds and in which people are constantly exposed to sources of infection, leading to the association between poverty and AI infection in humans . The initial responses of the Vietnamese government were to implement the stamping out of all the affected flocks and to ban the restocking of poultry in the infected areas . These measures heavily impacted the microeconomic dynamics of the local poultry trading system and dramatically reduced the price of poultry meat, thus affecting the household economy, which relies on small poultry flocks for domestic consumption and for generating a small income Results . Despite the recent improvement toward industrialization of the country, Vietnam still relies on agriculture as a source of livelihood for rural people. As a consequence, Vietnamese rural villagers are integrated and accustomed to this agricultural ecosystem and culturally rooted in their rural traditions. In the integrated VAC system, chickens and waterfowl represent an important ecological component and also an essential livelihood source (80% of the poor rear poultry) . Eradication of avian influenza A/H5N1 from the rural envi- ronment is one of the priorities of international organizations, because these small establishments are a source of protein and income but also infection for humans. . The results of this project support the concept that training and investment in knowledge may result in improved management practices, thus contributing to the eradication of avian influenza A/H5N1 from rural environments.