Learning Objectives/Study Guide for Chapter 15 1. Identify the principal portals of entry. 2. Define LD50 and ID50. 3. Using examples, explain how microbes adhere to host cells. 4. Explain how capsules and cell wall components contribute to pathogenicity. 5. Compare the effects of coagulases, kinases, hyaluronidase, and collagenase. 6. Be able to describe the characteristics of exotoxins and endotoxins. Be able to give examples of their role in disease. Be able to compare the two types of toxins. 7. Outline the mechanism of action of A-B toxins, membrane-disrupting toxins, and superantigens. 8. Identify the importance of the LAL assay. 9. Describe the role of lysogeny in pathogenicity. 10. List several cytopathic effects of viral infections. 11. Compare and contrast portal of entry and portal of exit.