LASER SCANNING AND REALITY MODELING
Table of Contents 1. Introduction. 2. Laser Scanning 3. Laser Scanning Techniques 4. Reality Modeling. 5. Point Cloud Processing 8 6. Applications 9 7. Conclusion 11 3 3 3 7 References. 12 2
1. Introduction The construction sector is undergoing transformation as it moves from low productivity caused by subpar management and antiquated practices to implementing new building technology (Tang et al. 2010). Laser scanning has played a significant role in the transformation from the initial stages, which examines the structures and environment surrounding it, by emitting laser beams and collects data from the reflecting beam of light emitted. The uses of the data collected by the laser scanners are numerous, the laser scanners are heavily utilized in the entertainment industry in creation of movies and video games. Industrial design, orthotics and prosthetics, reverse engineering and prototyping, quality control/inspection, and documenting of cultural objects are some further common uses for this technology(Ebrahim 2016). Reality modeling captures the data using laser scanning, cameras and other devices to create three dimensional models. Reality modeling is increasingly being utilized to enhance project management in the architectural, engineering, and construction sectors. The models can be used to facilitate information production, coordination, exchange and apply it throughout the structure's lifecycle (Almukhtar et al. 2021). 2. Laser Scanning According to (Ebrahim 2016), laser scanning is the controlled directing of laser beams, followed by a measurement of the distance at each direction of pointing. For the scanning, laser scanners are used which fires laser beam in a predetermined direction and then waits for the reflection to measure distance from the sensor to the object; the scanner can also compute the 3D position of the surface that the laser has reflected off by measuring the direction the laser was emitted and the distance to the object (Faltýnová et al. 2016). 3. Laser Scanning Techniques The laser scanning techniques are categorized into two major categories which are into contact and non-contact techniques(Curless 1999). 3.1 Contact Technique 3D contact scanners usually have a probe at the end of an articulated mechanical arm and are tuned to function on a stationary platform. The arm can be moved manually or robotically over the surface of the part. The scanner measures the armature's position to record the probe's X, Y, and Z positions as it makes contact with the object's surface. A 3D mesh can be generated using the point cloud 3