Developing individual in society Lecture 20: 05/05/2021 Cultural Psychology II Lecturer: Annemieke van Den Tol The Self - Devised by Carl Rogers. - The self is a central aspect of our experience of the world. - The self is an organized set of our perceptions of ourselves. - 'I' or 'Me' is a central part of a person's phenomenological field. Phenomenal field Objects People Individual Motivation Behaviors Self Images Thoughts Environment Learning Independent vs Interdependent: Independent self (Individualistic culture): - Western - Separate - Decontextualized - Autonomous - Unique - Internal attributes - SelfttExpression - Promote their own goals Interdependent self (Collectivist culture): - Nonttwestern - Connected to others - Contextualized - Dependent - Conformist
- Sociallyttderived attributes - Selfttcontrol - Promote group goals. The self vs the world - Independent self has potential control of shaping the world to fit his or hers desires. o Immutable entity working with a mutable world. o Primary control. o Expression of preferences and choices. o Controlling situations are more common. o Entity view of self: Achievement anchored in innate and fixed abilities. . North Americans persist longer on a task after initially succeeding on it. - Interdependent self are more fluid and adaptable to different role expectations and situational demands. o Roles are relatively immutable. o Secondary control. o Responsive to the needs of others and role obligations. o Adjusting to situations is more common. o Increment view of self, achievement hinges on efforts. " East Asians persist longer on a task after initially failing on it. Mother X XX Friend Self XX X X X Friend XX X . XX Self-Construals (Markus & Kitayama, 1991) Father X Mother X X X X - X x Self X Sibling X X X . Friend X X X * Friend Co-worker Independent Self Father X X . X X Sibling . Co-worker Interdependent Self
Cultural variation in the psychological dimensions of the self: - Consistency vs Flexibility - Intrattindividual vs Extrattindividual - Malleability of self vs Malleability of the world - Relation of self to others - Selfttenhancing vs Selfttcritical These all interact with one another and are highly related to each other. Consistency vs Flexibility: - Independent self largely uninfluenced by presence of others, relatively unchanging and constant. o People motivated to preserve selfttconsistency o Psychological health correlates with a consistent and integrated knowledge of self. - Interdependent self, it is more important to determine role requirements and adjust itself accordingly. o Motivated to distinguish between demands across situations. o Flexibility is viewed as integral to an individual's maturity. o Major teaching focus at Japanese schools. Intra-individual vs Extra-Individual: - Situational information is of a greater utility for interdependent selves as it is more correlated with behaviour and they should attend to it more. - Dispositional information should be more predictive of behaviour to those with an independent self and receives greater elaboration. o More likely to make a fundamental attribution error. description of events 45 40 35 30 25 20 15