2] Theories of development Cognitive Developmental Cultural Genetic Psychology Psychodynamic Constructivism Behaviourism 1890s 1930s 1950s 1980s now Psychodynamic theory: · Forces within individual leads to behaviour · Forms on early experience/biologically based drives · Development = balance unconscious drives and conscious adaptation The mind is separated into 3: - Id= instinctual drives; pleasure principle; dominates infant - Ego= satisfy drives in socially acceptable manner; later: arbitration - Superego= ethical component Psychosexual stages= sexual impulse travels from 1 stage to the next and focuses on erogenous zones Oral-> Anal-> Phallic-> Latency-> Genital Good Focus on early experience Conflict: drives and society Rich source of hypotheses Bad Half of world has no phallus Nonscientific method Cannot be tested Cognitive development= focuses on cognitive development not personality and childrens actions on environment Piaget- GOAT . Looked at how it went from a caterpillar [childhood] to a butterfly [adult] . Focused on children and how they went wrong 'three mountains task' Three mountain task: below tt years old, chose their own view as they were unable to view from other perspectives Cognitive constructivism=
- Child shapes environment - Knowledge is no innate not taught - Children figure things out for themselves and construct their own understanding of the world Adaptation according to Piaget: Schema-> Assimilation-> Accommodation-> Equilibration cognitive structure 0 physical environment equilibrium 0 stimulus 0 C 0 stimulus O assimilation disequilibrium = intellectual growth 0 8 accomodation Vygotsky Socio-cultural constructivism= · Understand development of knowledge · Complex thinking from social interactions · Children are guided by adult with the knowledge Zone of proximal development ZPD What is already known What can be known (with assistance) What is not known Classical conditioning= Learning - Known as Pavlovian learning - Emotional responses in development - Conditioned stimuli for pleasant feeling= new stimuli, old behaviour Unconditioned Storaius Operant conditioning= -- (Sal vet on] · Increase/decrease frequency of behaviour as a result of consequences Cord Migmed Response
· Positive/ negative reinforcement · Skinner box Reinforcements: - Positive reinforcement= added stimulus increases frequency - Negative reinforcement= removal of (unpleasant) stimulus increases frequency - Partial reinforcement= longer to learn, longer to extinguish - Punishment= remove nice things, administer unpleasant things to decrease frequency Social cognitive theory= . Modelling- abstract and concrete information · Observer extracts rule that may be basis of models behaviour