- Week 28: Sarcomas - Gastrulation - Cancers are named according to their origin - Sarcoma are malignant tumours - Morphological categorisation: spindle cell tumours, pleomorphic tumours, epithelioid sarcomas, small round cell tumours - 20-30% of sarcomas have specif i c chromosomal abnormalities - Chromosomal abberations: a relatively simple karyotype with a def i ning translocation or amplifi cation of a particular locus - a simple or complex karyotype with a specif i c oncogenic mutation - a complex karyotype with multiple chromosomal rearrangements, duplications, and deletions - Deletion, duplication, inversion, Nonreciprocal translocation f AB, reciprocal translocation of AB and HJ - Translocations result in the fusion of portions of two dif f erent genes - Dif ferent fusions: 1. those resulting in chimeric transcriptional regulators, those resulting in overexpression of a growth factor, those that alter signalling by changing cellular localisation or activity of a signalling protein - Fibrosarcoma: Fibroblasts are lined in a herringbone pattern in f i brosarcoma - Osteosarcoma: 2nd most common primary bone malignancy after MM, bimodal age distribution. - Usually begins development in the medullary cavity of a long bone near the metaphysis. Then, penetrates through the cortex and raises the periosteum. When the periosteal barrier is broken soft tissue tumour mass invades the adjacent tissues (usually the muscle) - Progressive pain is the first and most common presenting symptom. - Treated by: methotrexate etc - Ewing sarcima: Localised pain at a specif i c place in or near a bone, swelling near joint near tumour. Ewing's sarcoma appears as a typical small round blue cell tumour - Ewing translocation: t(11;22)(q24;q12) - Treatments: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, complimentary or alternative medicines - Chondrosarcoma: bone tumour cancer, rare, typing based on pathological appearance - Dedif ferenciated and mesenchymal chondrosarcomas are highly aggressive - Liposarcoma: one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas
gical appearance of osteosarcoma · Methotrexate (DHFR inhibitor; inhibits thymine synthesis, consequently DNA synthesis) · Doxorubicin / Adriamycin (DNA intercalator, but also inhibits TOPO2 by freezing scissile intermediate) · Cisplatin or carboplatin (DNA crosslinker) · Epirubicin (similar to doxorubicin but with fewer side effects) · Ifosfamide (DNA crosslinker) Cyclophosphamide (DNA crosslinker) · Etoposide (TOPO2 inhibitor) · Gemcitabine (nucleoside analogue that causes chain termination; also inhibits ribonucleotide reductase) · Topotecan (TOPO1 inhibitor)
Zygote Estoderm (outer layer) Chuter warface Central nervous system Neural Crest Blastula Gastrula Mesoderm ( middle layer) Dorsal Paraxial Intermediate Lateral Epidermal Neuron Pigment ells of skin of brain (melan- ocyte) Notu- chord Epidermis ce outer layer of the skin Lining for all hollow organs which have cavities open to a surface Modified epidermal tissue (fingernails and toenails, hair, glands of the skin) All nerve tissue Salivary glands, and mucous glands of the nose and mouth. Squamous epithelium Bone tiwue Turude cell of the kidney Red blood . Muscles · Fibrous tissue · Bone and cartilage · Fat or adipose tissue . Blood and lymph vessels . Blood cells · Endometrium of the uterus · Vaginal epithelium . Mucosa of the