9-28-2021 Class Notes
Tuesday, September 28, 2021
9:30 AM
Continuing the (Modern) History of Psychology: Watson (continued from last notes) Condition Baby Elbert Where did he get the ideas of conditioning? - Pavlov Pavlov Nobel Laurate - work on digestive system Studying digestion system Needed to have digestion start at a certain time, and time it from there Needed test subjects - dogs Involuntary response - salivate at smell/mention of food Beginning of the digestive process Pavlov needs them to salivate on schedule to take precise measurements Used food powder to cause them to salivate Discovered that when the technicians came to feed the dogs, they would get excited Pavlov began to measure the dog's association with bells and noises that the technicians made with their behavior concerning being fed. Dogs associate sound of bell with food Start to salivate just at the sound of the bell Proof that you can condition an animal to respond to an unnatural stimulus by associating it with a natural stimulus * Classical Conditioning - manipulating the stimulus to change the behavior Skinner - extends conditioning O Keeps the stimulus the same, tries to change the behavior by manipulating something other than the stimulus Reward and punishment You can train pigeons (and other organisms ) by keeping the stimulus the same but by altering the consequences of that behavior Operate Conditioning
Leave the stimulus alone, but manipulate the consequences of the behavior to change the probability of the behavior being repeated Albert Bandura 0 Works with kids 0 Experiment: Gives kids toys Bobo doll
1 condition - kids watch someone beat the bobo doll Result - kids beat the bobo doll the same way No direct conditioning We learn things just by watching Social Learning Theory Explains the majority of what we've learned, and how we've come to behave the way we through, was learned through demonstration. Observing does not make one do the behaviors. Contributes to your reservoir of potential behaviors. You still decide what behaviors to implements Somewhat relates to Behaviorism.
Gestalt Psychology Must look at the whole psychological picture. Max Wertheimer Gestalt . Asserts that the brain looks for relationships to create wholes out of parts. D Tendency to associate similar things. . Tendency to fill in (close) missing parts. Continuity - tendency to assume/fill in continuity. Humanistic Psychology - openness to experience, letting down defenses, trusting yourself, making free choices Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Rogers Therapist approaches client with open acceptance Therapeutic environment allows the client to share
openly No judgement
Maslow Comes up with model of motivation Motivation can be hierarchically organized Self-actualization - totally satisfied and at one with oneself Other issues are distracting Becomes the motivating factor Most basic - basic life needs
Self-
Self-fulfillment needs
actualization: achieving one's full potential, including creative activities
Esteem needs:
prestige and feeling of accomplishment
Psychological needs
Belongingness and love needs: intimate relationships, friends
Safety needs: security,safety
Basic needs
Physiological needs: food,water,warmth,rest
Knowledge Ways of gaining knowledge: Mysticism Gaining knowle