A car battery with a 12-V emf and an internal resistance of 0.050 Ωis being charged with a curre

step 1 In this question we have a battery, which has an EMF of 12 volts and an internal resistance of 0

A car battery with a 12-V emf and an internal resistance of...

A car battery with a 12-V emf and an internal resistance of $0.050 \Omega$ is being charged with a current of 60 A. Note that in this process, the battery is being charged. (a) What is the potential difference across its terminals? (b) At what rate is thermal energy being dissipated in the battery? (c) At what rate is electric energy being converted into chemical energy?

A car battery with a 12-V emf and an internal resistance of $0.050 \Omega$ is being charged with a current of 60 A. Note that in this process, the battery is being charged.
(a) What is the potential difference across its terminals?
(b) At what rate is thermal energy being dissipated in the battery? (c) At what rate is electric energy being converted into chemical energy?

Key Concepts

Electromotive Force (emf) and Internal Resistance

EMF is the voltage provided by a source when no current is flowing, while internal resistance is the inherent opposition to current flow within the battery. Together, they impact the effective voltage (terminal voltage) across the battery when current flows, as the internal resistance causes a voltage drop or rise depending on the direction of the current relative to the battery’s emf.

Terminal Voltage

Terminal voltage is the measurable voltage across the battery's external terminals when current is flowing. It is influenced by the emf and the voltage drop (or gain during charging) across the internal resistance. This concept is crucial because it reflects the actual voltage available to the load or charging circuit.

Joule Heating

Joule heating is the process by which electrical energy is converted into thermal energy due to the resistance in a circuit, described by the formula P = I²R. This concept is important for understanding energy losses within a system, especially in devices like batteries where internal resistance leads to significant power dissipation as heat during charging or discharging.

Power Conversion in Electrical Circuits

Power conversion refers to the rate at which electrical energy is transformed into other forms of energy, such as chemical energy in a battery or thermal energy due to resistive losses. This concept is fundamental for analyzing the efficiency of processes like battery charging, where some of the input electrical energy is stored chemically while some is wasted as heat.

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