A catalytic converter in an automobile uses a palladium or...

A catalytic converter in an automobile uses a palladium or platinum catalyst (a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction) to convert carbon monoxide gas to carbon dioxide according to the reaction: $$2 \mathrm{CO}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)$$ A chemist researching the effectiveness of a new catalyst combines a $2.0 : 1.0$ mole ratio mixture of carbon monoxide and oxygen gas (respectively) over the catalyst in a $2.45-\mathrm{L}$ flask at a total pressure of 745 torr and a temperature of $552^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . When the reaction is complete, the pressure in the flask has dropped to 552 torr. What percentage of the carbon monoxide was converted to carbon dioxide?

A catalytic converter in an automobile uses a palladium or platinum catalyst (a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction) to convert carbon monoxide gas to carbon dioxide according to the reaction:
$$2 \mathrm{CO}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)$$
A chemist researching the effectiveness of a new catalyst combines a $2.0 : 1.0$ mole ratio mixture of carbon monoxide and oxygen gas (respectively) over the catalyst in a $2.45-\mathrm{L}$ flask at a total pressure of 745 torr and a temperature of $552^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ . When the reaction is complete, the pressure in the flask has dropped to 552 torr. What percentage of the carbon monoxide was converted to carbon dioxide?

Key Concepts

Ideal Gas Law

The ideal gas law (PV = nRT) connects pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of a gas. This equation is integral to understanding and predicting how gases behave under different conditions, making it indispensable for experiments involving gaseous reactants and products.

Limiting Reagent

The concept of a limiting reagent is central in stoichiometric calculations. It identifies the reactant that is completely consumed first, thereby limiting the amount of product that can be formed. Understanding the limiting reagent is crucial for optimizing reactions and for calculating theoretical yields of products.

Pressure Change as an Indicator of Reaction Progress

Monitoring changes in pressure is a useful technique in reactions involving gases since pressure is directly related to the number of gas moles present (assuming constant volume and temperature). A change in pressure, therefore, can indicate the extent of a reaction, helping to quantify the conversion of reactants into products.

Catalysis

Catalysis refers to the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a substance known as a catalyst, which facilitates the reaction pathway without being consumed in the process. This concept is fundamental in both industrial and biochemical processes, as catalysts lower the activation energy required for the reaction, thus increasing the reaction rate and making the process more efficient.

Reaction Stoichiometry

Reaction stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship among reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. It allows one to determine the proportions in which substances react and the amounts of products formed. This concept is essential for predicting yields and for scaling reactions in both laboratory and industrial settings.

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