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A study was performed assessing the association between lifetime analgesic intake and change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as measured from two blood samples obtained in 1989 and 2000 among 1645 participants in the Nurses' Health Study (Curhan, et al. [45]). GFR is a commonly used index of kidney function with lower levels indicating worse kidney function. The following data were presented relating lifetime intake of acetaminophen (the active ingredient in Tylenol) in grams and a decline of $\geq 30 \%$ in estimated GFR, which is considered a clinically meaningful decline in kidney function (denoted as a case).CAN'T COPY THE GRAPHWhat is the estimated odds ratio for being a case comparing Group D to Group A?
Step 1
We need the number of cases and non-cases in both Group A and Group D. Let's denote the number of cases in Group A as $a$, non-cases in Group A as $b$, cases in Group D as $c$, and non-cases in Group D as $d$. Show more…
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A study group of 576 working women $30-49$ years of age who took phenacetin-containing analgesics and a control group of 533 comparably aged women without such intake were identified in 1968 and followed for mortality and morbidity outcomes. One hypothesis to be tested was that phenacetin intake may influence renal (kidney) function and hence have an effect on specific indices of renal morbidity and mortality. The mortality status of these women was determined from 1968 to $1987 .$ The researchers found that 16 of the women in the study group and 1 of the women in the control group died, where at least one cause of death was considered renal [13]. What statistical test should be used to compare the total mortality experience of the study group with that of the control group?
In a study designed to test the effectiveness of paracetamol (or acetaminophen) as a treatment for lower back pain, 1643 patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) the 547 subjects in the placebo group were given pills containing no medication; (2) 550 subjects were in a group given pills with paracetamol taken at regular intervals; (3) 546 subjects were in a group given pills with paracetamol to be taken when needed for pain relief. (See "Efficacy of Paracetamol for Acute Low-Back Pain," by Williams, et al., Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60805-9.) Is this study an experiment or an observational study? Explain.
Introduction to Statistics
Collecting Sample Data
Acetaminophen is an active ingredient found in more than 600 over-the-counter and prescription medicines, such as pain relievers, cough suppressants, and cold medications. It is safe and effective when used correctly, but taking too much can lead to liver damage. A researcher believes the mean amount of acetaminophen per tablet in a particular brand of cold tablets is different from the 600 mg claimed by the manufacturer. A random sample of 30 tablets had a mean acetaminophen content of $596.3 \mathrm{mg}$ with a standard deviation of $4.7 \mathrm{mg}$. a. Is the assumption of normality reasonable? Explain. b. Construct a $99 \%$ confidence interval for the estimate of the mean acetaminophen content. c. What does the confidence interval found in part b suggest about the mean acetaminophen content of one pill? Do you believe there is 600 mg per tablet? Explain.
Inferences Involving One Population
Inferences about the Mean $\mu(\sigma$ Unknown)
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