A tray of liquid water is placed in a freezer where it cools from 20^∘ C to -5^∘ C. Show the ene

step 1 In this question, we have to find the change in the internal energy and entropy of the water whe

A tray of liquid water is placed in a freezer where it cools...

Key Concepts

Heat Transfer

This concept refers to the movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler one. In the context of a cooling tray of water in a freezer, energy is transferred from the water to the colder freezer environment until they reach thermal equilibrium. The mechanism of transfer in this scenario is primarily conduction, where the energy flows out of the water through contact with the cold surfaces of the freezer.

Specific Heat Capacity

Specific heat capacity is a property of a substance that indicates the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass by one degree Celsius. When the water in the tray is cooled from 20°C down to its phase change point, this energy removal is governed by the specific heat capacity of water. Similarly, the same concept applies when the solid ice (formed from water) cools further below the freezing point, though its specific heat value differs from that of liquid water.

Latent Heat of Fusion

Latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change a substance from a liquid to a solid, or the energy released during the reverse process, without a change in temperature. When water freezes, it releases a specific quantity of energy due to the reorganization of its molecular structure into a crystalline lattice. This energy change is critical as it occurs at a constant temperature, marking the phase transition step in the cooling process.

Phase Change

Phase change describes the process in which a substance transitions from one state of matter to another, such as from liquid to solid. During the freezings step—from 0°C to the formation of ice—energy is appropriately removed from the system to enable the formation of a crystalline structure in the case of water. This change is fundamental in understanding energy storage because it involves latent energy that is not associated with a temperature change but with the reorientation of molecular bonds.

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