According to Plomin and Daniels, “Two children in the same...

According to Plomin and Daniels, “Two children in the same family are [apart from their shared genes]
as different from________ as are pairs of children selected randomly from the population.”
a. their parents
b. their grandparents
c. their friends
d. one another
e. their cousins

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Key Concepts

Nonshared Environment

This concept refers to the unique environmental factors and experiences that individuals in the same family do not share. These distinct influences—ranging from different peer groups to unique life events—help explain why siblings are as different from each other as unrelated individuals, despite growing up in the same family.

Shared Environment

This refers to the environmental influences that are common to all members of a family, such as socioeconomic status, parenting style, and home atmosphere. Although these factors might be presumed to make siblings similar, research suggests that their influence on individual differences is much weaker compared to the impact of nonshared environments.

Behavioral Genetics

This field studies the influence of both genetics and environmental factors on individual differences. It examines how inherited traits, along with non-genetic factors, contribute to personality, intelligence, and behavior, thereby explaining why siblings, despite sharing many environmental influences, can still be very different.

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