According to theory, international relations has...

According to theory, international relations has traditionally focused on "hard policy" issues, such as conflict and security, and has relegated to second-class status issues related to development and access to social programs.
a. feminist
b. Marxist
c. complex interdependence
d. game

Key Concepts

Complex Interdependence Theory

Complex interdependence theory challenges the traditional realist focus on military conflict by emphasizing the multiple, interconnected channels through which states interact, including economic, social, and environmental linkages. It argues that non-military issues, such as development and access to social services, are integral to understanding international relationships in a highly interconnected world.

Marxist International Relations Theory

Marxist IR theory approaches international relations from the perspective of economic structures, class conflict, and capitalist interests. It criticizes the concentration on military and state power by arguing that underlying issues of economic exploitation, underdevelopment, and inequality are neglected, despite their fundamental impact on global political dynamics.

Feminist International Relations Theory

Feminist IR theory critiques the traditional focus of international relations on state-centric security and power issues, arguing that this emphasis reflects and reinforces a gendered bias. It highlights how issues such as development, social programs, and human security—which disproportionately affect women and marginalized groups—are secondary and often overlooked in mainstream theoretical frameworks.

Realism

Realism is a foundational theory in international relations that emphasizes the anarchic nature of the international system, the centrality of state power, and the primacy of military security and national interests. It prioritizes these 'hard' issues—such as conflict and security—often at the expense of non-military concerns like economic development and social welfare.

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