All of the following are potential outcomes of the presence...

All of the following are potential outcomes of the presence of dsRNA inside a human cell except
a. activation of $\mathrm{NK}$ cells
b. interferon production
c. blocking of protein synthesis by P1 kinase
d. activation of an endonuclease
e. increase ATP supply

Key Concepts

Double-Stranded RNA (dsRNA) as an Indicator of Viral Infection

dsRNA is commonly produced during viral replication and acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). Its presence in a cell signals that a virus might be replicating, thereby alerting the innate immune system to initiate antiviral defenses.

Interferon Production in Innate Immunity

The detection of dsRNA by cellular sensors triggers the production of interferons. These cytokines play a critical role in antiviral defense by inducing an antiviral state in neighboring cells and activating various immune cells.

Protein Kinase R (PKR) Activation and Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

PKR is a key enzyme that is activated upon binding to dsRNA. Once activated, it phosphorylates eIF2?, leading to a halt in protein synthesis. This process is an important antiviral mechanism as it limits the ability of viruses to produce their proteins.

RNase L Activation and RNA Degradation

Following interferon signaling, RNase L is activated as part of the cell's antiviral response. Once activated, RNase L degrades both viral and cellular RNA, which helps to curtail viral replication and spread.

Natural Killer (NK) Cell Activation in Antiviral Defense

Although not directly activated by dsRNA, NK cells are an integral part of the innate immune system. They are stimulated by cytokines produced in response to viral infections and help eliminate cells that are infected or abnormal.

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