An audio-visual real-time application uses packet switching to transmit $32 \mathrm{kilobit} / \mathrm{second}$ speech and $64 \mathrm{kilobit} / \mathrm{second}$ video over the following network connection.
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Two choices of packet length are being considered: In option 1 a packet contains 10 milliseconds of speech and audio information; in option 2 a packet contains 100 milliseconds of speech and audio information. Each packet has a 40 byte header.
a. For each option find out what percentage of each packet is header overhead.
b. Draw a time diagram and identify all the components of the end-to-end delay in the preceding connection. Keep in mind that a packet cannot be sent until it has been filled and that a packet cannot be relayed until it is completely received. Assume that bit errors are negligible.
c. Evaluate all the delay components for which you have been given sufficient information. Consider both choices of packet length. Assume that the signal propagates at a speed of $1 \mathrm{~km} / 5$ microseconds. Consider two cases of backbone network speed: $45 \mathrm{Mbps}$ and $1.5 \mathrm{Mbps}$. Summarize your result for the four possible cases in a table with four entries.
d. Which of the preceding components would involve queueing delays?