An important issue is whether there are racial differences...

An important issue is whether there are racial differences in hypertension among children. We define hypertension as being above the 95 th percentile for either systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among children of the same age, height, and sex. since some of the children were observed at multiple visits, a GEE model was run of hypertension on ethnic group. There were three ethnic groups considered: Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic. The results among boys are given in Table 13.54. What is the estimated OR for hypertension comparing Hispanic boys vs. Caucasian boys? (Call this OR, ) What is a $95 \%$ Cl for this estimate?

An important issue is whether there are racial differences in hypertension among children. We define hypertension as being above the 95 th percentile for either systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among children of the same age, height, and sex. since some of the children were observed at multiple visits, a GEE model was run of hypertension on ethnic group. There were three ethnic groups considered: Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic. The results among boys are given in Table 13.54.
What is the estimated OR for hypertension comparing Hispanic boys vs. Caucasian boys? (Call this OR, ) What is a $95 \%$ Cl for this estimate?

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Key Concepts

Odds Ratio (OR)

An odds ratio is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. It represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure. In epidemiology, it is frequently used in case-control studies and logistic regression models to quantify the strength of association between variables.

Confidence Interval (CI)

A confidence interval provides a range of values that is likely to contain the true effect size or parameter with a certain level of confidence, typically 95%. It reflects the precision of the estimate, with narrower intervals indicating more precise estimates and wider intervals suggesting more uncertainty around the estimated value.

Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE)

Generalized Estimating Equations are a statistical technique used to analyze correlated or repeated measure data. GEE extends generalized linear models to account for the correlation between observations, such as measurements taken from the same individual over time. This method is particularly useful when the responses are not independent, as it provides robust standard error estimates for inference.

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