Assign oxidation states for all atoms in each of the...

Assign oxidation states for all atoms in each of the following compounds. a. $\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}$ b. $\mathrm{NiO}_{2}$ c. $\mathrm{Na}_{4} \mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})_{6}$ d. $\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{HPO}_{4}$ e. $\mathrm{P}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{6}$ f. $\mathrm{Fe}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{4}$ g. $\mathrm{XeOF}_{4}$ h. $\mathrm{SF}_{4}$ i. CO j. $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}$

Assign oxidation states for all atoms in each of the following compounds.
a. $\mathrm{KMnO}_{4}$
b. $\mathrm{NiO}_{2}$
c. $\mathrm{Na}_{4} \mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})_{6}$
d. $\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{HPO}_{4}$
e. $\mathrm{P}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{6}$
f. $\mathrm{Fe}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{4}$
g. $\mathrm{XeOF}_{4}$
h. $\mathrm{SF}_{4}$
i. CO
j. $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}$

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Key Concepts

Oxidation State

An oxidation state (or oxidation number) is a number assigned to an atom in a compound that represents the hypothetical charge the atom would have if all bonds were 100% ionic. It is a useful bookkeeping tool that helps chemists understand electron transfer in redox reactions and the distribution of electrons in compounds.

Rules for Assigning Oxidation States

There are several established rules for assigning oxidation states. These include: the oxidation state of an atom in its elemental form is 0; in a neutral compound, the sum of oxidation states equals 0; in a polyatomic ion, the sum equals the overall charge of the ion; oxygen is typically assigned -2, and hydrogen +1 when bonded to non-metals; and fluorine is always -1. These guidelines help systematically determine the oxidation state for each element in a compound.

Special Cases and Exceptions

Certain elements exhibit exceptions to the general rules when they occur in unique chemical environments. For example, oxygen can have an oxidation state of -1 in peroxides and sometimes positive oxidation states in compounds with fluorine, while hydrogen may be -1 when bonded to metals (as in hydrides). Recognizing these exceptions is crucial for accurately assigning oxidation states in various types of chemical compounds.

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