Question

Calamus finmarchicus is the dominant copepod in the Gulf of Maine. The polymorphic aminopeptidase locus, Lap-1, has been shown to be useful for the genetic differentiation of populations of this organism. By examining the population dynamics of copepods, the dynamics of the fin fish on which they feed can be predicted. The aerial photograph shows a landmass separating two coastal estuarine habits, the mud flats of Egypt Bay and the Mount Desert Narrows. For the past 40 years, transport between the two habits has been hindered by a dam over the Carrying Place Inlet. However, small volumes of water occasionally crest the dam. A. Calculate the frequencies, f, of each allele and complete the following table: B. Using a $x^{2}$ test, evaluate these data to determine if the aminopeptidase gene in these two populations is evolving. State your conclusion as claims supported by evidence at both the 95% and 99% confidence levels. The formula for the $x^{2}$ test is provided on the AP Biology Exam. $\chi^{2}=\sum \frac{(o-e)^{2}}{e}$ This table of critical p values is also provided on the AP Biology Exam. C. Based on these data, predict, with justification, changes over time in the aminopeptidase enzyme for these populations. D. The B form of this aminopeptidase is slightly more efficient at extracting nutritional leucine from a protein than the A and C forms but slightly less efficient at extracting valine and serine. Describe an investigation of the two habitats that could suggest a causal relationship between changes in allele frequency and characteristics of the environment. E. Single-nucleotide mutations are neutral when they encode changes in proteins that result in no significant differential selection. If differences in environmental factors between sites 1 and 2 are not observed, predict what other factors could result in departures from HardyWeinberg equilibrium for aminopeptidase

Name: Problem 42, Chapter 19: Biology for AP Courses
Uploaded: 2019-08-02T06:49:43-08:00
Duration: 3 min 58 s
Channel: Grant Castaneda

Calamus finmarchicus is the dominant copepod in the Gulf of Maine. The polymorphic aminopeptidase locus, Lap-1, has been shown to be useful for the genetic differentiation of populations of this organism. By examining the population dynamics of copepods, the dynamics of the fin fish on which they feed can be predicted. The aerial photograph shows a landmass separating two coastal estuarine habits, the mud flats of Egypt Bay and the Mount Desert Narrows. For the past 40 years, transport between the two habits has been hindered by a dam over the Carrying Place Inlet. However, small volumes of water occasionally crest the dam.
A. Calculate the frequencies, f, of each allele and complete the following table:
B. Using a $x^{2}$ test, evaluate these data to determine if the aminopeptidase gene in these two populations is evolving. State your conclusion as claims supported by evidence at both the 95% and 99% confidence levels. The formula for the $x^{2}$ test is provided on the AP Biology Exam.
$\chi^{2}=\sum \frac{(o-e)^{2}}{e}$
This table of critical p values is also provided on the AP Biology Exam.
C. Based on these data, predict, with justification, changes over time in the aminopeptidase enzyme for these populations.
D. The B form of this aminopeptidase is slightly more efficient at extracting nutritional leucine from a protein than the A and C forms but slightly less efficient at extracting valine and serine. Describe an investigation of the two habitats that could suggest a causal relationship between changes in allele frequency and characteristics of the environment.
E. Single-nucleotide mutations are neutral when they encode changes in proteins that result in no significant differential selection. If differences in environmental factors between sites 1 and 2 are not observed, predict what other factors could result in departures from HardyWeinberg equilibrium for aminopeptidase

Biology for AP Courses

Julianne Zedalis,…

Chapter 19, Problem 42

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Solved by Expert Grant Castaneda

08/02/2019

Step 1

To do this, we multiply the number of homozygous individuals by two (since they have two copies of the allele) and add the number of heterozygous individuals (since they have one copy of the allele). For example, if we have 82 AA individuals and 96 AA individuals Show more…

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Calamus finmarchicus is the dominant copepod in the Gulf of Maine. The polymorphic aminopeptidase locus, Lap-1, has been shown to be useful for the genetic differentiation of populations of this organism. By examining the population dynamics of copepods, the dynamics of the fin fish on which they feed can be predicted. The aerial photograph shows a landmass separating two coastal estuarine habits, the mud flats of Egypt Bay and the Mount Desert Narrows. For the past 40 years, transport between the two habits has been hindered by a dam over the Carrying Place Inlet. However, small volumes of water occasionally crest the dam. A. Calculate the frequencies, f, of each allele and complete the following table: B. Using a $x^{2}$ test, evaluate these data to determine if the aminopeptidase gene in these two populations is evolving. State your conclusion as claims supported by evidence at both the 95% and 99% confidence levels. The formula for the $x^{2}$ test is provided on the AP Biology Exam. $\chi^{2}=\sum \frac{(o-e)^{2}}{e}$ This table of critical p values is also provided on the AP Biology Exam. C. Based on these data, predict, with justification, changes over time in the aminopeptidase enzyme for these populations. D. The B form of this aminopeptidase is slightly more efficient at extracting nutritional leucine from a protein than the A and C forms but slightly less efficient at extracting valine and serine. Describe an investigation of the two habitats that could suggest a causal relationship between changes in allele frequency and characteristics of the environment. E. Single-nucleotide mutations are neutral when they encode changes in proteins that result in no significant differential selection. If differences in environmental factors between sites 1 and 2 are not observed, predict what other factors could result in departures from HardyWeinberg equilibrium for aminopeptidase

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Key Concepts

Allele Frequency

Allele frequency refers to the relative proportion of a specific allele among all allele copies for a gene within a population. This concept is fundamental in population genetics as it provides insight into genetic diversity and is used to calculate expected genotype frequencies under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions.

Chi-Square (?²) Test in Genetics

The Chi-square test is a statistical method used to compare observed and expected frequencies in genetic data. In population genetics, it is applied to determine whether the differences between observed genotype or allele frequencies and those expected under the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are statistically significant, thereby indicating possible evolutionary forces at work.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes an ideal state in a population in which allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences. Deviations from this equilibrium suggest that factors such as mutation, natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, or nonrandom mating are affecting the population.

Natural Selection and Selection Pressure

Natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that confer survival or reproductive advantages become more common in a population over time. Selection pressures, which include differences in environmental resources or conditions, act on these traits and can lead to changes in allele frequencies, causing evolutionary shifts in populations.

Genetic Differentiation

Genetic differentiation refers to the genetic variability between distinct populations that can result from restricted gene flow, different selection pressures, or genetic drift. It is an essential concept in understanding how populations diverge over time due to geographic or ecological isolation.

Gene Flow and Migration Barriers

Gene flow is the transfer of genetic variation from one population to another. Physical or environmental barriers, such as geographic separations or artificial structures, can limit gene flow, leading to differences in allele frequencies and promoting genetic differentiation among populations.

Experimental Design in Evolutionary Biology

Designing investigations that accurately test hypotheses about evolutionary processes is critical in evolutionary biology. This involves comparing genetic data across different environments, controlling for confounding variables, and applying appropriate statistical tests. Such experiments help establish potential causal relationships between allele frequency changes and environmental factors.

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