Calculate the p-value for each of the indicated ions in the following:
(a) $\mathrm{Na}^{+}, \mathrm{Cl}^{-}$, and $\mathrm{OH}^{-}$in a solution that is $0.0635 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{NaCl}$ and $0.0403 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{NaOH}$.
(b) $\mathrm{Ba}^{2+}, \mathrm{Mn}^{2+}$, and $\mathrm{Cl}^{-}$in a solution that is $4.65 \times$ $10^{-3} \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{BaCl}_{2}$ and $2.54 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{MnCl}_{2}$.
*(c) $\mathrm{H}^{+}, \mathrm{Cl}^{-}$, and $\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}$ in a solution that is $0.400 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{HCl}$ and $0.100 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{ZnCl}_{2}$.
(d) $\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}, \mathrm{Zn}^{2+}$, and $\mathrm{NO}_{3}{ }^{-}$in a solution that is $5.78 \times$ $10^{-2} \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Cu}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$ and $0.204 \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Zn}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}$.
*(e) $\mathrm{K}^{+}, \mathrm{OH}^{-}$, and $\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{CN})_{6}{ }^{4-}$ in a solution that is $1.62 \times$ $10^{-7} \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{K}_{4} \mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{CN})_{6}$ and $5.12 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{KOH}$.
(f) $\mathrm{H}^{+}, \mathrm{Ba}^{2+}$, and $\mathrm{ClO}_{4}^{-} \mathrm{M}$ in a solution that is $2.35 \times$ $10^{-4} \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{Ba}\left(\mathrm{ClO}_{4}\right)_{2}$ and $4.75 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{M}$ in $\mathrm{HClO}_{4 \cdot}$