Choose one of the following terms to match the description 1...

Choose one of the following terms to match the description 1 given in statements $(1)-(17) .$ All of the following pertain to proteins or carbohydrates. a. aldohexose b. saliva c. cellulose d. $\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ e. cysteine f. denaturation g. disaccharides h. disulfide i. globular j. glycogen k. glycoside linkage I. hydrophobic m. ketohexoses n. oxytocin o. pleated sheet p. polypeptide q. primary structure (1) polymer consisting of many amino acids (2) linkage that forms between two cysteine species (3) peptide hormone that triggers milk secretion (4) proteins with roughly spherical shape (5) sequence of amino acids in a protein (6) silk protein secondary structure (7) water-repelling amino acid side chain (8) amino acid responsible for permanent wave in hair (9) breakdown of a protein's tertiary and/or secondary structure (10) animal polymer of glucose (11) $-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{C}-$ bond between rings in disaccharide sugars (12) empirical formula leading to the name carbohydrate (13) where enzymes catalyzing the breakdown of glycoside linkages are found (14) six-carbon ketone sugars (15) structural component of plants, polymer of glucose (16) sugars consisting of two monomer units (17) six-carbon aldehyde sugars

Choose one of the following terms to match the description 1 given in statements $(1)-(17) .$ All of the following pertain to proteins or carbohydrates.
a. aldohexose
b. saliva
c. cellulose
d. $\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
e. cysteine
f. denaturation
g. disaccharides
h. disulfide
i. globular
j. glycogen
k. glycoside linkage
I. hydrophobic
m. ketohexoses
n. oxytocin
o. pleated sheet
p. polypeptide
q. primary structure
(1) polymer consisting of many amino acids
(2) linkage that forms between two cysteine species
(3) peptide hormone that triggers milk secretion
(4) proteins with roughly spherical shape
(5) sequence of amino acids in a protein
(6) silk protein secondary structure
(7) water-repelling amino acid side chain
(8) amino acid responsible for permanent wave in hair
(9) breakdown of a protein's tertiary and/or secondary structure
(10) animal polymer of glucose
(11) $-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{C}-$ bond between rings in disaccharide sugars
(12) empirical formula leading to the name carbohydrate
(13) where enzymes catalyzing the breakdown of glycoside linkages are found
(14) six-carbon ketone sugars
(15) structural component of plants, polymer of glucose
(16) sugars consisting of two monomer units
(17) six-carbon aldehyde sugars

Key Concepts

Peptide Hormones

Peptide hormones are small proteins that act as signaling molecules in the body. They bind to specific receptors and trigger physiological responses, such as oxytocin, which is involved in milk secretion and other processes.

Disaccharides

Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond. They are simple carbohydrates that can be broken down into their component sugars during digestion.

Glycosidic Linkage

A glycosidic linkage is a type of covalent bond that connects monosaccharide units to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The nature of these bonds determines the structure and digestibility of the carbohydrate.

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and serve as the building blocks for more complex sugars. They typically have an empirical formula based on CH2O and can be classified by the types and number of carbonyl groups, such as aldoses and ketoses.

Globular Proteins

Globular proteins are proteins that fold into compact, roughly spherical shapes. This globular conformation is typical of many enzymes and transport proteins, allowing specific interactions with other molecules.

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are long-chain polymers of monosaccharides and serve various roles in living organisms. In animals, glycogen functions as an energy storage molecule, while in plants, cellulose provides structural support in cell walls.

Denaturation

Denaturation is the process by which a protein loses its native tertiary and/or secondary structure due to external stress, such as heat, pH change, or chemicals. This loss of structure generally leads to a loss of biological activity.

Secondary Structure of Proteins

Secondary structure refers to the local folded shapes that form within a polypeptide due to hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms. Common examples include the alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet, which contribute to the protein's stability and functionality.

Protein Primary Structure

The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids, dictated by genetic information. This linear sequence lays the foundation for the protein's folding into higher-order structures necessary for its biological activity.

Polypeptide

A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. It represents the fundamental building block of proteins, and its specific sequence determines the protein's overall structure and function.

Disulfide Bonds

Disulfide bonds are covalent linkages that form between the sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues within or between polypeptide chains. They play a crucial role in stabilizing the three-dimensional structure of proteins.

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