Classify the following as Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, or...

Classify the following as Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, or Lewis acid-base reactions. A reaction may fit all, two, one, or none of the categories: (a) $\mathrm{Ag}^{+}+2 \mathrm{NH}_{3} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Ag}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{2}^{+}$ (b) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}+\mathrm{NH}_{3} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{HSO}_{4}^{-}+\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}$ (c) $2 \mathrm{HCl} \Longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2}+\mathrm{Cl}_{2}$ (d) $\mathrm{AlCl}_{3}+\mathrm{Cl}^{-} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{AlCl}_{4}^{-}$

Classify the following as Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, or Lewis acid-base reactions. A reaction may fit all, two, one, or none of the categories:
(a) $\mathrm{Ag}^{+}+2 \mathrm{NH}_{3} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Ag}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{2}^{+}$
(b) $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}+\mathrm{NH}_{3} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{HSO}_{4}^{-}+\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}$
(c) $2 \mathrm{HCl} \Longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2}+\mathrm{Cl}_{2}$
(d) $\mathrm{AlCl}_{3}+\mathrm{Cl}^{-} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{AlCl}_{4}^{-}$

Key Concepts

Arrhenius Acid-Base Theory

This concept defines acids as substances that increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and bases as substances that increase the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in water. It is one of the earliest definitions in acid-base chemistry and is specifically applicable to aqueous systems.

Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory

This concept broadens the idea of acids and bases by defining acids as proton (H+) donors and bases as proton acceptors. Unlike the Arrhenius definition, it can describe acid-base reactions in any solvent, not just water, making it more generally applicable to different chemical environments.

Lewis Acid-Base Theory

This concept expands the definition of acids and bases to include electron pair transactions. A Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor, while a Lewis base is an electron pair donor. This definition is useful for understanding reactions that do not involve hydrogen ions, such as the formation of coordinate covalent bonds in complex ions.

Reaction Classification in Acid-Base Chemistry

This concept involves evaluating chemical reactions by applying different acid-base theories. It requires identifying whether a reaction proceeds through proton transfer (Bronsted-Lowry), formation of ions in solution (Arrhenius), or electron pair donation/acceptance (Lewis), which helps in classifying the reaction according to the appropriate acid-base model.

Transcript

00:04 In this question, we are asked to classify the given reactions as either ahenius, bronson -lory or lewis -acid -based reactions.

00:15 And they are also telling us that a given reaction can be classified to more than one group.

00:25 So let's start with the first reaction, which is a reaction between silver cat -ion and ammonia.

00:35 Molecules.

00:38 We are told that these two can combine to form a complex, a diamine complex of silver.

00:56 So in this reaction, silver cations are accepting electrons from the electron pair present in ammonia.

01:12 So for that reason, we can classify this as a lewis acid -based reaction.

01:20 There is no involvement of a proton transfer.

01:24 There's nothing that is transferring as in donating a proton and there's nothing that's accepting a proton in this reaction.

01:33 For that reason, it cannot be classified as a bronson -huric acid -based reaction.

01:40 And then again, according to the ahenius acid -based theory, there has to be an acid with a hydrogen in its formula and then there has to be a base with oh h in its formula which is not the case here so it's not anionious acid -based reaction either it's just a loose acid -based reaction so let's move on to the second question since we've sorted out the first sulphuric can react with ammonia to form bysulfate anions and ammonium cations.

02:28 So in this reaction we can clearly tell that there is a species that's donating a proton, a species that is accepting a proton.

02:37 So sulphuric donates the proton which is accepted by ammonia to form ammonium.

02:42 So it's definitely a branch and chlorine acid base reaction.

02:48 And you can also see that there's a loan bear and ammonia, which is filled by the, which is collected by the proton that is joining the ammonia molecule to form ammonium.

03:10 So there is also the transfer of a pair of electrons...

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