Consider a European call option on a non-dividend-paying stock where the stock price is $$\$ 40$$, the strike price is $$\$ 40$$, the risk-free rate is $4 \%$ per annum, the volatility is $30 \%$ per annum, and the time to maturity is 6 months.
(a) Calculate $u, d$, and $p$ for a two-step tree.
(b) Value the option using a two-step tree.
(c) Verify that DerivaGem gives the same answer.
(d) Use DerivaGem to value the option with $5,50,100$, and 500 time steps.