The BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is calculated as the difference in dissolved oxygen (DO) between Day 0 and Day 5.
\[
\text{BOD}_5 = \text{DO at Day 0} - \text{DO at Day 5}
\]
\[
\text{BOD}_5 = 9 \, \text{mg/L} - 4.5 \, \text{mg/L} = 4.5 \, \text{mg/L}
\]
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