Consider the following segment of mRNA produced by the nomal order of DNA nucleotides: CUU AAA C

Consider the following segment of mRNA produced by the nomal...

Key Concepts

Insertion and Deletion (Frameshift Mutations)

Insertions and deletions are types of mutations where nucleotides are added or removed from the mRNA sequence. When these types of mutations occur in numbers that are not multiples of three, they shift the reading frame of the mRNA, often leading to a completely different and usually nonfunctional protein due to widespread changes in the amino acid sequence.

Point Mutation

A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide within the RNA or DNA sequence. This small-scale mutation can alter the codon, potentially changing one amino acid in the protein sequence (a missense mutation) or generating a premature stop codon (a nonsense mutation), thereby affecting protein function.

Genetic Code

The genetic code is the set of rules that defines how the sequences of nucleotides in mRNA are translated into the amino acids of proteins. It is nearly universal among organisms and ensures that each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid or a punctuation mark (stop signal) during protein synthesis.

Mutation Effects

Mutation effects refer to the consequences of nucleotide changes on protein synthesis. Point mutations can result in altered amino acid sequences, while insertion and deletion mutations (when not in multiples of three) can lead to frameshift mutations, drastically changing the downstream amino acid sequence and often impairing protein function.

Codons

Codons are sequences of three nucleotides in mRNA that correspond to specific amino acids or serve as stop signals during protein synthesis. The grouping of nucleotides into codons is the basis for the genetic code, ensuring that the correct amino acids are incorporated into proteins.

mRNA

Messenger RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries genetic information derived from DNA to the ribosome, where this information is used as a template for protein synthesis. It plays a crucial role in translating genetic instructions into functional proteins.

Translation

Translation is the process by which ribosomes interpret the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain, ultimately forming a protein. This process is fundamental to gene expression and is highly regulated.

Transcript

00:01 Okay, in order to solve this question, we have to talk about base pairing.

00:04 First, remember that according to base pairing, in dna, a from adenine is going to pair with thymine, while one is going to bind with cytosine.

00:20 Okay, this is in dna.

00:21 In rna, something similarly going to happen, but instead of thymine, we're going to have uracil.

00:28 Okay, and the same is going to happen with, i mean, g, and c are going to remain the same.

00:34 So according to this base pairing, goal, let's solve this question.

00:40 It says that we have the following sequence.

00:43 It is a marine sequence.

00:45 So let's state like this.

00:49 It is c -u -u -a -a -a -c -g -a and c -au.

00:59 This is a normal marine molecule.

01:02 It asks about the amino acid or they're produced from this mrna.

01:08 And this is simple.

01:10 You just have to look for the genetic code table in internet.

01:17 And in this table you're going to have, or well, it is going to show all the codons that are possible because of combinations of these nucleotides.

01:26 Okay, remember the codons are triplets.

01:28 It means one codon has three bases.

01:32 Okay, for example, au.

01:36 This is one colon, another column, another column, another column.

01:40 Okay, and each column is going to code for specific amino acid.

01:43 And this is why you have to, or you need a genetic code table in order to know which a minor acid, which column codes.

01:51 Well, i'm going to use it, i'm going to use a genetic code table, but you can also look for it in google.

01:59 It is going to be the same as the long of the day.

02:00 According to the genetic code, c -u -u is going to code for the amino acid leucin.

02:08 Okay.

02:09 A -a, according to the genetic code, is going to cause for the amino acid lysine.

02:15 And finally, cga is going to code for the amino acid argadin.

02:21 And finally, the c -a -u, a codon, is going to cause for the amino acid histin.

02:27 Okay, so this is our amino acid, our normal amino acid sequence.

02:33 So this is our answer for question a, okay? now, question b says, what is the amino acid order if a own mutation changes cuu, means this cuu to ccu.

02:49 Okay, so we're going to have a mutant marine number one is going to be cuu.

02:59 C -c -u, okay, instead of c -u, it's going to be c -c -c -u, then a -a -a -c -g -a and c -a -u.

03:10 So the amino acid, the mutant amino acid number one is going to be, according to genetic code, ccu, is going to code for prolling.

03:22 Okay, so you're going to have a problem here.

03:24 Then all of them are going to remain the same amino acid.

03:27 So you're going to have here, lysine, lysine, arginine and histine.

03:32 Okay, so this is going to be your first or well, your new amino acid sequence when you have a mutation that changes the cuu by ccu.

03:47 Now they give us another mutation.

03:50 Let's state it like mutant marinade number two.

03:55 Okay, remember that this is question for, this is answer for question b.

04:00 And in mutant, m -r -n -a 2, it says that we're going to change cga, we're going to change cga, it means c -g -a, by aga, okay? we have a -a, a -g -a, and c -a -u.

04:17 So c -u is going to code for leosing, according to this, a -a for lysing, and c -a -u for history...

Please give Ace some feedback