Determine if the following preparations are hypotonic,...

Determine if the following preparations are hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic: (a) A 7.5\% atropine sulfate solution. (b) A parenteral infusion containing $20 \%$ (w/v) of dextrose. (c) A solution containing $2 \%$ ephedrine and $0.5 \%$ chlorobutanol. (d) A solution containing $2 \%$ phenol and $1 \%$ glycerin.

Determine if the following preparations are hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic:
(a) A 7.5\% atropine sulfate solution.
(b) A parenteral infusion containing $20 \%$ (w/v) of dextrose.
(c) A solution containing $2 \%$ ephedrine and $0.5 \%$ chlorobutanol.
(d) A solution containing $2 \%$ phenol and $1 \%$ glycerin.

Key Concepts

Hypotonic Solutions

Hypotonic solutions contain a lower concentration of osmotically active particles compared to the intracellular fluid, thereby creating a gradient that causes water to move into the cells. This influx of water can lead to cell swelling and, in extreme cases, cellular rupture.

Tonicity

Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to affect the volume and pressure of living cells by the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. It is determined by the concentration of effective, osmotically active solutes in the solution relative to those in the intracellular fluid, and it governs whether cells will swell, shrink, or remain unchanged when exposed to a solution.

Osmolarity

Osmolarity is a measure of the total concentration of solute particles per liter of solution. While it quantifies all the dissolved particles, only those particles that do not cross the cell membrane contribute to tonicity. Understanding osmolarity is essential for predicting the osmotic pressure of a solution and its impact on cells.

Isotonic Solutions

Isotonic solutions have the same concentration of osmotically active particles as the body’s cells, leading to no net movement of water across the cell membrane. This balance helps maintain cell shape and volume, making isotonic solutions ideal for parenteral infusions and other clinical applications where cell integrity is crucial.

Hypertonic Solutions

Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of osmotically active particles than the intracellular environment, which draws water out of the cells. As a result, cells can shrink or crenate, and this property is harnessed in specific therapeutic contexts to reduce cellular edema or redistribute fluid.

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